src/Environment/fgclouds.cxx

   1 // Build a cloud layer based on metar
   2 //
   3 // Written by Harald JOHNSEN, started April 2005.
   4 //
   5 // Copyright (C) 2005  Harald JOHNSEN - hjohnsen@evc.net
   6 //
   7 // This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
   8 // modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as
   9 // published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the
  10 // License, or (at your option) any later version.
  11 //
  12 // This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
  13 // WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
  14 // MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
  15 // General Public License for more details.
  16 //
  17 // You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
  18 // along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
  19 // Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301, USA.
  20 //
  21 //
  22
  23 #ifdef HAVE_CONFIG_H
  24 #  include "config.h"
  25 #endif
  26
  27 #include <Main/fg_props.hxx>
  28
  29 #include <simgear/constants.h>
  30 #include <simgear/sound/soundmgr_openal.hxx>
  31 #include <simgear/scene/sky/sky.hxx>
  32 #include <simgear/environment/visual_enviro.hxx>
  33 #include <simgear/scene/sky/cloudfield.hxx>
  34 #include <simgear/scene/sky/newcloud.hxx>
  35 #include <simgear/math/sg_random.h>
  36 #include <simgear/props/props_io.hxx>
  37
  38 #include <Main/globals.hxx>
  39 #include <Airports/simple.hxx>
  40 #include <Main/util.hxx>
  41
  42 #include "environment_ctrl.hxx"
  43 #include "environment_mgr.hxx"
  44 #include "fgmetar.hxx"
  45 #include "fgclouds.hxx"
  46
  47 extern SGSky *thesky;
  48
  49
  50 FGClouds::FGClouds(FGEnvironmentCtrl * controller) :
  51         station_elevation_ft(0.0),
  52         _controller( controller ),
  53         snd_lightning(NULL),
  54         rebuild_required(true),
  55     last_scenario( "unset" ),
  56     last_env_config( new SGPropertyNode() ),
  57     last_env_clouds( new SGPropertyNode() )
  58 {
  59         update_event = 0;
  60 }
  61 FGClouds::~FGClouds() {
  62 }
  63
  64 int FGClouds::get_update_event(void) const {
  65         return update_event;
  66 }
  67 void FGClouds::set_update_event(int count) {
  68         update_event = count;
  69         build();
  70 }
  71
  72 void FGClouds::init(void) {
  73         if( snd_lightning == NULL ) {
  74                 snd_lightning = new SGSoundSample(globals->get_fg_root().c_str(), "Sounds/thunder.wav");
  75                 snd_lightning->set_max_dist(7000.0f);
  76                 snd_lightning->set_reference_dist(3000.0f);
  77                 SGSoundMgr *soundMgr = globals->get_soundmgr();
  78                 soundMgr->add( snd_lightning, "thunder" );
  79                 sgEnviro.set_soundMgr( soundMgr );
  80         }
  81
  82         rebuild_required = true;
  83 }
  84
  85 void FGClouds::buildCloud(SGPropertyNode *cloud_def_root, SGPropertyNode  *box_def_root, const string& name, sgVec3 pos, SGCloudField *layer) {
  86         SGPropertyNode *box_def=NULL;
  87         SGPropertyNode *cld_def=NULL;
  88
  89         SGPath texture_root = globals->get_fg_root();
  90         texture_root.append("Textures");
  91         texture_root.append("Sky");
  92
  93         box_def = box_def_root->getChild(name.c_str());
  94
  95         string base_name = name.substr(0,2);
  96         if( !box_def ) {
  97                 if( name[2] == '-' ) {
  98                         box_def = box_def_root->getChild(base_name.c_str());
  99                 }
 100                 if( !box_def )
 101                         return;
 102         }
 103
 104         for(int i = 0; i < box_def->nChildren() ; i++) {
 105                 SGPropertyNode *abox = box_def->getChild(i);
 106                 if( strcmp(abox->getName(), "box") == 0) {
 107                         double x = abox->getDoubleValue("x") + pos[0];
 108                         double y = abox->getDoubleValue("y") + pos[1];
 109                         double z = abox->getDoubleValue("z") + pos[2];
 110                         SGVec3f newpos = SGVec3f(x, z, y);
 111
 112                         string type = abox->getStringValue("type", "cu-small");
 113
 114                         cld_def = cloud_def_root->getChild(type.c_str());
 115                         if ( !cld_def ) return;
 116
 117                         double min_width = cld_def->getDoubleValue("min-cloud-width-m", 500.0);
 118                         double max_width = cld_def->getDoubleValue("max-cloud-width-m", 1000.0);
 119                         double min_height = cld_def->getDoubleValue("min-cloud-height-m", min_width);
 120                         double max_height = cld_def->getDoubleValue("max-cloud-height-m", max_width);
 121                         double min_sprite_width = cld_def->getDoubleValue("min-sprite-width-m", 200.0);
 122                         double max_sprite_width = cld_def->getDoubleValue("max-sprite-width-m", min_sprite_width);
 123                         double min_sprite_height = cld_def->getDoubleValue("min-sprite-height-m", min_sprite_width);
 124                         double max_sprite_height = cld_def->getDoubleValue("max-sprite-height-m", max_sprite_width);
 125                         int num_sprites = cld_def->getIntValue("num-sprites", 20);
 126                         int num_textures_x = cld_def->getIntValue("num-textures-x", 1);
 127                         int num_textures_y = cld_def->getIntValue("num-textures-y", 1);
 128                         double bottom_shade = cld_def->getDoubleValue("bottom-shade", 1.0);
 129                         string texture = cld_def->getStringValue("texture", "cl_cumulus.rgb");
 130
 131                         SGNewCloud *cld =
 132                                 new SGNewCloud(type,
 133                                                texture_root,
 134                                                texture,
 135                                                min_width,
 136                                                max_width,
 137                                                min_height,
 138                                                max_height,
 139                                                min_sprite_width,
 140                                                max_sprite_width,
 141                                                min_sprite_height,
 142                                                max_sprite_height,
 143                                                bottom_shade,
 144                                                num_sprites,
 145                                                num_textures_x,
 146                                                num_textures_y);
 147                         layer->addCloud(newpos, cld);
 148                 }
 149         }
 150 }
 151
 152 void FGClouds::buildLayer(int iLayer, const string& name, double alt, double coverage) {
 153         struct {
 154                 string name;
 155                 double count;
 156         } tCloudVariety[20];
 157         int CloudVarietyCount = 0;
 158         double totalCount = 0.0;
 159
 160         if (! clouds_3d_enabled) return;
 161
 162         SGPropertyNode *cloud_def_root = fgGetNode("/environment/cloudlayers/clouds", false);
 163         SGPropertyNode *box_def_root   = fgGetNode("/environment/cloudlayers/boxes", false);
 164         SGPropertyNode *layer_def_root = fgGetNode("/environment/cloudlayers/layers", false);
 165         SGCloudField *layer = thesky->get_cloud_layer(iLayer)->get_layer3D();
 166
 167         layer->clear();
 168
 169         // when we don't generate clouds the layer is rendered in 2D
 170         if( coverage == 0.0 )
 171                 return;
 172         if( layer_def_root == NULL || cloud_def_root == NULL || box_def_root == NULL)
 173                 return;
 174
 175         SGPropertyNode *layer_def=NULL;
 176
 177         layer_def = layer_def_root->getChild(name.c_str());
 178         if( !layer_def ) {
 179                 if( name[2] == '-' ) {
 180                         string base_name = name.substr(0,2);
 181                         layer_def = layer_def_root->getChild(base_name.c_str());
 182                 }
 183                 if( !layer_def )
 184                         return;
 185         }
 186
 187         double grid_x_size = layer_def->getDoubleValue("grid-x-size", 1000.0);
 188         double grid_y_size = layer_def->getDoubleValue("grid-y-size", 1000.0);
 189         double grid_x_rand = layer_def->getDoubleValue("grid-x-rand", grid_x_size);
 190         double grid_y_rand = layer_def->getDoubleValue("grid-y-rand", grid_y_size);
 191         double grid_z_rand = layer_def->getDoubleValue("grid-z-rand");
 192
 193         for(int i = 0; i < layer_def->nChildren() ; i++) {
 194                 SGPropertyNode *acloud = layer_def->getChild(i);
 195                 if( strcmp(acloud->getName(), "cloud") == 0) {
 196                         string cloud_name = acloud->getStringValue("name");
 197                         tCloudVariety[CloudVarietyCount].name = cloud_name;
 198                         double count = acloud->getDoubleValue("count", 1.0);
 199                         tCloudVariety[CloudVarietyCount].count = count;
 200                         int variety = 0;
 201                         cloud_name = cloud_name + "-%d";
 202                         char variety_name[50];
 203                         do {
 204                                 variety++;
 205                                 snprintf(variety_name, sizeof(variety_name), cloud_name.c_str(), variety);
 206                         } while( box_def_root->getChild(variety_name, 0, false) );
 207
 208                         totalCount += count;
 209                         if( CloudVarietyCount < 20 )
 210                                 CloudVarietyCount++;
 211                 }
 212         }
 213         totalCount = 1.0 / totalCount;
 214
 215         for(double px = 0.0; px < SGCloudField::fieldSize; px += grid_x_size) {
 216                 for(double py = 0.0; py < SGCloudField::fieldSize; py += grid_y_size) {
 217                         double x = px + grid_x_rand * (sg_random() - 0.5) - (SGCloudField::fieldSize / 2.0);
 218                         double y = py + grid_y_rand * (sg_random() - 0.5) - (SGCloudField::fieldSize / 2.0);
 219                         double z = grid_z_rand * (sg_random() - 0.5);
 220                         double choice = sg_random();
 221
 222                         for(int i = 0; i < CloudVarietyCount ; i ++) {
 223                                 choice -= tCloudVariety[i].count * totalCount;
 224                                 if( choice <= 0.0 ) {
 225                                         sgVec3 pos={x,z,y};
 226                                         buildCloud(cloud_def_root, box_def_root, tCloudVariety[i].name, pos, layer);
 227                                         break;
 228                                 }
 229                         }
 230                 }
 231         }
 232
 233         // Now we've built any clouds, enable them and set the density (coverage)
 234         layer->setCoverage(coverage);
 235         layer->applyCoverage();
 236         thesky->get_cloud_layer(iLayer)->set_enable3dClouds(clouds_3d_enabled);
 237 }
 238
 239 // TODO:call this after real metar updates
 240 void FGClouds::buildCloudLayers(void) {
 241         SGPropertyNode *metar_root = fgGetNode("/environment", true);
 242
 243         double wind_speed_kt     = metar_root->getDoubleValue("wind-speed-kt");
 244         double temperature_degc  = metar_root->getDoubleValue("temperature-sea-level-degc");
 245         double dewpoint_degc     = metar_root->getDoubleValue("dewpoint-sea-level-degc");
 246         double pressure_mb              = metar_root->getDoubleValue("pressure-sea-level-inhg") * SG_INHG_TO_PA / 100.0;
 247
 248         double dewp = pow(10.0, 7.5 * dewpoint_degc / (237.7 + dewpoint_degc));
 249         double temp = pow(10.0, 7.5 * temperature_degc / (237.7 + temperature_degc));
 250         double rel_humidity = dewp * 100 / temp;
 251
 252         // formule d'Epsy, base d'un cumulus
 253         double cumulus_base = 122.0 * (temperature_degc - dewpoint_degc);
 254         double stratus_base = 100.0 * (100.0 - rel_humidity) * SG_FEET_TO_METER;
 255
 256         bool cu_seen = false;
 257
 258         for(int iLayer = 0 ; iLayer < thesky->get_cloud_layer_count(); iLayer++) {
 259                 SGPropertyNode *cloud_root = fgGetNode("/environment/clouds/layer", iLayer, true);
 260
 261                 double alt_ft = cloud_root->getDoubleValue("elevation-ft");
 262                 double alt_m = alt_ft * SG_FEET_TO_METER;
 263                 string coverage = cloud_root->getStringValue("coverage");
 264
 265
 266                 double coverage_norm = 0.0;
 267                 if( coverage == "few" )
 268                         coverage_norm = 2.0/8.0;        // <1-2
 269                 else if( coverage == "scattered" )
 270                         coverage_norm = 4.0/8.0;        // 3-4
 271                 else if( coverage == "broken" )
 272                         coverage_norm = 6.0/8.0;        // 5-7
 273                 else if( coverage == "overcast" )
 274                         coverage_norm = 8.0/8.0;        // 8
 275
 276                 string layer_type = "nn";
 277                 if( coverage == "cirrus" ) {
 278                         layer_type = "ci";
 279                 } else if( alt_ft > 16500 ) {
 280 //                      layer_type = "ci|cs|cc";
 281                         layer_type = "ci";
 282                 } else if( alt_ft > 6500 ) {
 283 //                      layer_type = "as|ac|ns";
 284                         layer_type = "ac";
 285                         if( pressure_mb < 1005.0 && coverage_norm >= 5.5 )
 286                                 layer_type = "ns";
 287                 } else {
 288 //                      layer_type = "st|cu|cb|sc";
 289                         if( cumulus_base * 0.80 < alt_m && cumulus_base * 1.20 > alt_m ) {
 290                                 // +/- 20% from cumulus probable base
 291                                 layer_type = "cu";
 292                         } else if( stratus_base * 0.80 < alt_m && stratus_base * 1.40 > alt_m ) {
 293                                 // +/- 20% from stratus probable base
 294                                 layer_type = "st";
 295                         } else {
 296                                 // above formulae is far from perfect
 297                                 if ( alt_ft < 2000 )
 298                                         layer_type = "st";
 299                                 else if( alt_ft < 4500 )
 300                                         layer_type = "cu";
 301                                 else
 302                                         layer_type = "sc";
 303                         }
 304                 }
 305
 306                 buildLayer(iLayer, layer_type, alt_m, coverage_norm);
 307         }
 308 }
 309
 310 // copy from FGMetarEnvironmentCtrl until better
 311 void
 312 FGClouds::update_metar_properties( const FGMetar *m )
 313 {
 314     int i;
 315     int j;
 316     double d;
 317     char s[128];
 318
 319     fgSetString("/environment/metar/station-id", m->getId());
 320     fgSetDouble("/environment/metar/min-visibility-m",
 321                 m->getMinVisibility().getVisibility_m() );
 322     fgSetDouble("/environment/metar/max-visibility-m",
 323                 m->getMaxVisibility().getVisibility_m() );
 324
 325     const SGMetarVisibility *dirvis = m->getDirVisibility();
 326     for (i = 0; i < 8; i++, dirvis++) {
 327         const char *min = "/environment/metar/visibility[%d]/min-m";
 328         const char *max = "/environment/metar/visibility[%d]/max-m";
 329
 330         d = dirvis->getVisibility_m();
 331
 332         snprintf(s, 128, min, i);
 333         fgSetDouble(s, d);
 334         snprintf(s, 128, max, i);
 335         fgSetDouble(s, d);
 336     }
 337
 338     fgSetInt("/environment/metar/base-wind-range-from",
 339              m->getWindRangeFrom() );
 340     fgSetInt("/environment/metar/base-wind-range-to",
 341              m->getWindRangeTo() );
 342     fgSetDouble("/environment/metar/base-wind-speed-kt",
 343                 m->getWindSpeed_kt() );
 344     fgSetDouble("/environment/metar/gust-wind-speed-kt",
 345                 m->getGustSpeed_kt() );
 346     fgSetDouble("/environment/metar/temperature-degc",
 347                 m->getTemperature_C() );
 348     fgSetDouble("/environment/metar/dewpoint-degc",
 349                 m->getDewpoint_C() );
 350     fgSetDouble("/environment/metar/rel-humidity-norm",
 351                 m->getRelHumidity() );
 352     fgSetDouble("/environment/metar/pressure-inhg",
 353                 m->getPressure_inHg() );
 354
 355     vector<SGMetarCloud> cv = m->getClouds();
 356     vector<SGMetarCloud>::const_iterator cloud;
 357
 358     // Load into both the METAR and environment properties to stop interpolation
 359     const char *cl[] = {"/environment/metar/clouds/layer[%i]",
 360                         "/environment/clouds/layer[%i]"};
 361
 362     for (j = 0; j < 2; j++)
 363     {
 364         for (i = 0, cloud = cv.begin(); cloud != cv.end(); cloud++, i++) {
 365             const char *coverage_string[5] =
 366                 { "clear", "few", "scattered", "broken", "overcast" };
 367             const double thickness[5] = { 0, 65, 600,750, 1000};
 368             int q;
 369
 370             snprintf(s, 128, cl[j], i);
 371             strncat(s, "/coverage", 128);
 372             q = cloud->getCoverage();
 373             fgSetString(s, coverage_string[q] );
 374
 375             snprintf(s, 128, cl[j], i);
 376             strncat(s, "/elevation-ft", 128);
 377             fgSetDouble(s, cloud->getAltitude_ft() + station_elevation_ft);
 378
 379             snprintf(s, 128, cl[j], i);
 380             strncat(s, "/thickness-ft", 128);
 381             fgSetDouble(s, thickness[q]);
 382
 383             snprintf(s, 128, cl[j], i);
 384             strncat(s, "/span-m", 128);
 385             fgSetDouble(s, 40000.0);
 386         }
 387
 388         for (; i < FGEnvironmentMgr::MAX_CLOUD_LAYERS; i++) {
 389
 390
 391             snprintf(s, 128, cl[j], i);
 392             strncat(s, "/coverage", 128);
 393             fgSetString(s, "clear");
 394
 395             snprintf(s, 128, cl[j], i);
 396             strncat(s, "/elevation-ft", 128);
 397             fgSetDouble(s, -9999);
 398
 399             snprintf(s, 128, cl[j], i);
 400             strncat(s, "/thickness-ft", 128);
 401             fgSetDouble(s, 0);
 402
 403             snprintf(s, 128, cl[j], i);
 404             strncat(s, "/span-m", 128);
 405             fgSetDouble(s, 40000.0);
 406         }
 407     }
 408
 409     fgSetDouble("/environment/metar/rain-norm", m->getRain());
 410     fgSetDouble("/environment/metar/hail-norm", m->getHail());
 411     fgSetDouble("/environment/metar/snow-norm", m->getSnow());
 412     fgSetBool("/environment/metar/snow-cover", m->getSnowCover());
 413 }
 414
 415 void
 416 FGClouds::update_env_config ()
 417 {
 418     fgSetupWind( fgGetDouble("/environment/metar/base-wind-range-from"),
 419                  fgGetDouble("/environment/metar/base-wind-range-to"),
 420                  fgGetDouble("/environment/metar/base-wind-speed-kt"),
 421                  fgGetDouble("/environment/metar/gust-wind-speed-kt") );
 422
 423     fgDefaultWeatherValue( "visibility-m",
 424                            fgGetDouble("/environment/metar/min-visibility-m") );
 425 #if 0
 426     set_temp_at_altitude( fgGetDouble("/environment/metar/temperature-degc"),
 427                           station_elevation_ft );
 428     set_dewpoint_at_altitude( fgGetDouble("/environment/metar/dewpoint-degc"),
 429                               station_elevation_ft );
 430 #endif
 431     fgDefaultWeatherValue( "pressure-sea-level-inhg",
 432                            fgGetDouble("/environment/metar/pressure-inhg") );
 433 }
 434
 435
 436 void FGClouds::setLayer( int iLayer, float alt_ft, const string& coverage, const string& layer_type ) {
 437         double coverage_norm = 0.0;
 438         if( coverage == "few" )
 439                 coverage_norm = 2.0/8.0;        // <1-2
 440         else if( coverage == "scattered" )
 441                 coverage_norm = 4.0/8.0;        // 3-4
 442         else if( coverage == "broken" )
 443                 coverage_norm = 6.0/8.0;        // 5-7
 444         else if( coverage == "overcast" )
 445                 coverage_norm = 8.0/8.0;        // 8
 446
 447         buildLayer(iLayer, layer_type, station_elevation_ft + alt_ft * SG_FEET_TO_METER, coverage_norm);
 448 }
 449
 450 void FGClouds::buildScenario( const string& scenario ) {
 451         string fakeMetar="";
 452         string station = fgGetString("/environment/metar/station-id", "XXXX");
 453
 454         // fetch station elevation if exists
 455         if( station == "XXXX" )
 456             station_elevation_ft = fgGetDouble("/position/ground-elev-m", 0.0);
 457         else {
 458             const FGAirport* a = globals->get_airports()->search( station );
 459             station_elevation_ft = (a ? a->getElevation() : 0.0);
 460         }
 461
 462         for(int iLayer = 0 ; iLayer < thesky->get_cloud_layer_count(); iLayer++) {
 463             thesky->get_cloud_layer(iLayer)
 464                 ->setCoverage(SGCloudLayer::SG_CLOUD_CLEAR);
 465             thesky->get_cloud_layer(iLayer)->get_layer3D()->clear();
 466         }
 467
 468         station += " 011000Z ";
 469         if( scenario == "Fair weather" ) {
 470                 fakeMetar = "15003KT 12SM SCT033 FEW200 20/08 Q1015 NOSIG";
 471                 //setLayer(0, 3300.0, "scattered", "cu");
 472         } else if( scenario == "Thunderstorm" ) {
 473                 fakeMetar = "15012KT 08SM TSRA SCT040 BKN070 20/12 Q0995";
 474                 setLayer(0, 4000.0, "scattered", "cb");
 475                 setLayer(1, 7000.0, "scattered", "ns");
 476         } else
 477                 return;
 478         FGMetar *m = new FGMetar( station + fakeMetar );
 479         update_metar_properties( m );
 480         update_env_config();
 481         // propagate aloft tables
 482         //_controller->reinit();
 483
 484         fgSetString("/environment/metar/last-metar", m->getData());
 485         // TODO:de-activate real metar updates
 486         if( scenario == "Fair weather" ) {
 487                 fgSetString("/environment/clouds/layer[1]/coverage", "cirrus");
 488         }
 489 }
 490
 491
 492 void FGClouds::build() {
 493         string scenario = fgGetString("/environment/weather-scenario", "METAR");
 494
 495         if(!rebuild_required && (scenario == last_scenario))
 496             return;
 497
 498         if( last_scenario == "none" ) {
 499         // save clouds and weather conditions
 500             SGPropertyNode *param = fgGetNode("/environment/config", true);
 501             copyProperties( param, last_env_config );
 502             param = fgGetNode("/environment/clouds", true);
 503             copyProperties( param, last_env_clouds );
 504         }
 505
 506         if( scenario == "METAR" ) {
 507             string realMetar = fgGetString("/environment/metar/real-metar", "");
 508
 509             if( realMetar != "" ) {
 510                 fgSetString("/environment/metar/last-metar", realMetar.c_str());
 511                 FGMetar *m = new FGMetar( realMetar );
 512                 update_metar_properties( m );
 513                 update_env_config();
 514                         // propagate aloft tables
 515                 _controller->reinit();
 516                 buildCloudLayers();
 517             }
 518         }
 519         else if( scenario == "none" ) {
 520         // restore clouds and weather conditions
 521             SGPropertyNode *param = fgGetNode("/environment/config", true);
 522             copyProperties( last_env_config, param );
 523             param = fgGetNode("/environment/clouds", true);
 524             copyProperties( last_env_clouds, param );
 525             fgSetDouble("/environment/metar/rain-norm", 0.0);
 526             fgSetDouble("/environment/metar/snow-norm", 0.0);
 527 //          update_env_config();
 528             // propagate aloft tables
 529             _controller->reinit();
 530             buildCloudLayers();
 531         }
 532         else {
 533             buildScenario( scenario );
 534             _controller->reinit();
 535             buildCloudLayers();
 536         }
 537
 538         last_scenario = scenario;
 539         rebuild_required = false;
 540
 541         if( snd_lightning == NULL )
 542             init();
 543 }
 544
 545 void FGClouds::set_3dClouds(bool enable)
 546 {
 547     if (enable != clouds_3d_enabled) {
 548         clouds_3d_enabled = enable;
 549
 550         for(int iLayer = 0 ; iLayer < thesky->get_cloud_layer_count(); iLayer++) {
 551             thesky->get_cloud_layer(iLayer)->set_enable3dClouds(enable);
 552
 553             if (!enable) {
 554                 thesky->get_cloud_layer(iLayer)->get_layer3D()->clear();
 555             }
 556         }
 557
 558         if (enable) {
 559             rebuild_required = true;
 560             build();
 561         }
 562     }
 563 }
 564
 565 bool FGClouds::get_3dClouds() const {
 566     return clouds_3d_enabled;
 567 }
 568