1 /*%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
4 Author: Jon S. Berndt, JSBSim framework
5 Dave Luff, Piston engine model
6 Ronald Jensen, Piston engine model
7 Date started: 09/12/2000
8 Purpose: This module models a Piston engine
10 ------------- Copyright (C) 2000 Jon S. Berndt (jsb@hal-pc.org) --------------
12 This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
13 the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free Software
14 Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later
17 This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
18 ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
19 FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser General Public License for more
22 You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License along with
23 this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple
24 Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
26 Further information about the GNU Lesser General Public License can also be found on
27 the world wide web at http://www.gnu.org.
29 FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION
30 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
32 This class descends from the FGEngine class and models a Piston engine based on
33 parameters given in the engine config file for this class
36 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
37 09/12/2000 JSB Created
39 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
41 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%*/
46 #include <models/FGPropulsion.h>
47 #include "FGPropeller.h"
51 static const char *IdSrc = "$Id$";
52 static const char *IdHdr = ID_PISTON;
54 /*%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
56 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%*/
58 FGPiston::FGPiston(FGFDMExec* exec, Element* el, int engine_number)
59 : FGEngine(exec, el, engine_number),
60 R_air(287.3), // Gas constant for air J/Kg/K
61 rho_fuel(800), // estimate
62 calorific_value_fuel(47.3e6),
63 Cp_air(1005), // Specific heat (constant pressure) J/Kg/K
68 // Defaults and initializations
73 // These items are read from the configuration file
81 MinManifoldPressure_inHg = 6.5;
82 MaxManifoldPressure_inHg = 28.5;
86 volumetric_efficiency = 0.8; // Actually f(speed, load) but this will get us running
88 // These are internal program variables
98 BoostSpeeds = 0; // Default to no supercharging
102 bBoostOverride = false;
103 bTakeoffBoost = false;
104 TakeoffBoost = 0.0; // Default to no extra takeoff-boost
106 for (i=0; i<FG_MAX_BOOST_SPEEDS; i++) {
109 RatedAltitude[i] = 0.0;
111 RatedMAP[i] = 100000;
113 TakeoffMAP[i] = 100000;
115 for (i=0; i<FG_MAX_BOOST_SPEEDS-1; i++) {
116 BoostSwitchAltitude[i] = 0.0;
117 BoostSwitchPressure[i] = 0.0;
120 // First column is thi, second is neta (combustion efficiency)
121 Lookup_Combustion_Efficiency = new FGTable(12);
122 *Lookup_Combustion_Efficiency << 0.00 << 0.980;
123 *Lookup_Combustion_Efficiency << 0.90 << 0.980;
124 *Lookup_Combustion_Efficiency << 1.00 << 0.970;
125 *Lookup_Combustion_Efficiency << 1.05 << 0.950;
126 *Lookup_Combustion_Efficiency << 1.10 << 0.900;
127 *Lookup_Combustion_Efficiency << 1.15 << 0.850;
128 *Lookup_Combustion_Efficiency << 1.20 << 0.790;
129 *Lookup_Combustion_Efficiency << 1.30 << 0.700;
130 *Lookup_Combustion_Efficiency << 1.40 << 0.630;
131 *Lookup_Combustion_Efficiency << 1.50 << 0.570;
132 *Lookup_Combustion_Efficiency << 1.60 << 0.525;
133 *Lookup_Combustion_Efficiency << 2.00 << 0.345;
135 Mixture_Efficiency_Correlation = new FGTable(15);
136 *Mixture_Efficiency_Correlation << 0.05000 << 0.00000;
137 *Mixture_Efficiency_Correlation << 0.05137 << 0.00862;
138 *Mixture_Efficiency_Correlation << 0.05179 << 0.21552;
139 *Mixture_Efficiency_Correlation << 0.05430 << 0.48276;
140 *Mixture_Efficiency_Correlation << 0.05842 << 0.70690;
141 *Mixture_Efficiency_Correlation << 0.06312 << 0.83621;
142 *Mixture_Efficiency_Correlation << 0.06942 << 0.93103;
143 *Mixture_Efficiency_Correlation << 0.07786 << 1.00000;
144 *Mixture_Efficiency_Correlation << 0.08845 << 1.00000;
145 *Mixture_Efficiency_Correlation << 0.09270 << 0.98276;
146 *Mixture_Efficiency_Correlation << 0.10120 << 0.93103;
147 *Mixture_Efficiency_Correlation << 0.11455 << 0.72414;
148 *Mixture_Efficiency_Correlation << 0.12158 << 0.45690;
149 *Mixture_Efficiency_Correlation << 0.12435 << 0.23276;
150 *Mixture_Efficiency_Correlation << 0.12500 << 0.00000;
153 // Read inputs from engine data file where present.
155 if (el->FindElement("minmp")) // Should have ELSE statement telling default value used?
156 MinManifoldPressure_inHg = el->FindElementValueAsNumberConvertTo("minmp","INHG");
157 if (el->FindElement("maxmp"))
158 MaxManifoldPressure_inHg = el->FindElementValueAsNumberConvertTo("maxmp","INHG");
159 if (el->FindElement("displacement"))
160 Displacement = el->FindElementValueAsNumberConvertTo("displacement","IN3");
161 if (el->FindElement("maxhp"))
162 MaxHP = el->FindElementValueAsNumberConvertTo("maxhp","HP");
163 if (el->FindElement("sparkfaildrop"))
164 SparkFailDrop = Constrain(0, 1 - el->FindElementValueAsNumber("sparkfaildrop"), 1);
165 if (el->FindElement("cycles"))
166 Cycles = el->FindElementValueAsNumber("cycles");
167 if (el->FindElement("idlerpm"))
168 IdleRPM = el->FindElementValueAsNumber("idlerpm");
169 if (el->FindElement("maxrpm"))
170 MaxRPM = el->FindElementValueAsNumber("maxrpm");
171 if (el->FindElement("maxthrottle"))
172 MaxThrottle = el->FindElementValueAsNumber("maxthrottle");
173 if (el->FindElement("minthrottle"))
174 MinThrottle = el->FindElementValueAsNumber("minthrottle");
175 if (el->FindElement("bsfc"))
176 BSFC = el->FindElementValueAsNumberConvertTo("bsfc", "LBS/HP*HR");
177 if (el->FindElement("volumetric-efficiency"))
178 volumetric_efficiency = el->FindElementValueAsNumber("volumetric-efficiency");
179 if (el->FindElement("numboostspeeds")) { // Turbo- and super-charging parameters
180 BoostSpeeds = (int)el->FindElementValueAsNumber("numboostspeeds");
181 if (el->FindElement("boostoverride"))
182 BoostOverride = (int)el->FindElementValueAsNumber("boostoverride");
183 if (el->FindElement("takeoffboost"))
184 TakeoffBoost = el->FindElementValueAsNumberConvertTo("takeoffboost", "PSI");
185 if (el->FindElement("ratedboost1"))
186 RatedBoost[0] = el->FindElementValueAsNumberConvertTo("ratedboost1", "PSI");
187 if (el->FindElement("ratedboost2"))
188 RatedBoost[1] = el->FindElementValueAsNumberConvertTo("ratedboost2", "PSI");
189 if (el->FindElement("ratedboost3"))
190 RatedBoost[2] = el->FindElementValueAsNumberConvertTo("ratedboost3", "PSI");
191 if (el->FindElement("ratedpower1"))
192 RatedPower[0] = el->FindElementValueAsNumberConvertTo("ratedpower1", "HP");
193 if (el->FindElement("ratedpower2"))
194 RatedPower[1] = el->FindElementValueAsNumberConvertTo("ratedpower2", "HP");
195 if (el->FindElement("ratedpower3"))
196 RatedPower[2] = el->FindElementValueAsNumberConvertTo("ratedpower3", "HP");
197 if (el->FindElement("ratedrpm1"))
198 RatedRPM[0] = el->FindElementValueAsNumber("ratedrpm1");
199 if (el->FindElement("ratedrpm2"))
200 RatedRPM[1] = el->FindElementValueAsNumber("ratedrpm2");
201 if (el->FindElement("ratedrpm3"))
202 RatedRPM[2] = el->FindElementValueAsNumber("ratedrpm3");
203 if (el->FindElement("ratedaltitude1"))
204 RatedAltitude[0] = el->FindElementValueAsNumberConvertTo("ratedaltitude1", "FT");
205 if (el->FindElement("ratedaltitude2"))
206 RatedAltitude[1] = el->FindElementValueAsNumberConvertTo("ratedaltitude2", "FT");
207 if (el->FindElement("ratedaltitude3"))
208 RatedAltitude[2] = el->FindElementValueAsNumberConvertTo("ratedaltitude3", "FT");
211 MaxManifoldPressure_Percent = MaxManifoldPressure_inHg / 29.92;
212 // Create a BSFC to match the engine if not provided
214 BSFC = ( Displacement * MaxRPM * volumetric_efficiency ) / (9411 * MaxHP);
215 BSFC *= (MaxManifoldPressure_Percent * MaxManifoldPressure_Percent * MaxManifoldPressure_Percent);
217 if ( MaxManifoldPressure_inHg > 29.9 ) { // Don't allow boosting with a bogus number
218 MaxManifoldPressure_inHg = 29.9;
219 MaxManifoldPressure_Percent = MaxManifoldPressure_inHg / 29.92;
222 char property_name[80];
223 snprintf(property_name, 80, "propulsion/engine[%d]/power-hp", EngineNumber);
224 PropertyManager->Tie(property_name, &HP);
225 snprintf(property_name, 80, "propulsion/engine[%d]/bsfc-lbs_hphr", EngineNumber);
226 PropertyManager->Tie(property_name, &BSFC);
227 snprintf(property_name, 80, "propulsion/engine[%d]/volumetric-efficiency", EngineNumber);
228 PropertyManager->Tie(property_name, &volumetric_efficiency);
229 minMAP = MinManifoldPressure_inHg * inhgtopa; // inHg to Pa
230 maxMAP = MaxManifoldPressure_inHg * inhgtopa;
231 StarterHP = sqrt(MaxHP) * 0.4;
233 // Set up and sanity-check the turbo/supercharging configuration based on the input values.
234 if (TakeoffBoost > RatedBoost[0]) bTakeoffBoost = true;
235 for (i=0; i<BoostSpeeds; ++i) {
237 if (RatedBoost[i] <= 0.0) bad = true;
238 if (RatedPower[i] <= 0.0) bad = true;
239 if (RatedAltitude[i] < 0.0) bad = true; // 0.0 is deliberately allowed - this corresponds to unregulated supercharging.
240 if (i > 0 && RatedAltitude[i] < RatedAltitude[i - 1]) bad = true;
242 // We can't recover from the above - don't use this supercharger speed.
244 // TODO - put out a massive error message!
247 // Now sanity-check stuff that is recoverable.
248 if (i < BoostSpeeds - 1) {
249 if (BoostSwitchAltitude[i] < RatedAltitude[i]) {
250 // TODO - put out an error message
251 // But we can also make a reasonable estimate, as below.
252 BoostSwitchAltitude[i] = RatedAltitude[i] + 1000;
254 BoostSwitchPressure[i] = Atmosphere->GetPressure(BoostSwitchAltitude[i]) * psftopa;
255 //cout << "BoostSwitchAlt = " << BoostSwitchAltitude[i] << ", pressure = " << BoostSwitchPressure[i] << '\n';
256 // Assume there is some hysteresis on the supercharger gear switch, and guess the value for now
257 BoostSwitchHysteresis = 1000;
259 // Now work out the supercharger pressure multiplier of this speed from the rated boost and altitude.
260 RatedMAP[i] = Atmosphere->GetPressureSL() * psftopa + RatedBoost[i] * 6895; // psi*6895 = Pa.
261 // Sometimes a separate BCV setting for takeoff or extra power is fitted.
262 if (TakeoffBoost > RatedBoost[0]) {
263 // Assume that the effect on the BCV is the same whichever speed is in use.
264 TakeoffMAP[i] = RatedMAP[i] + ((TakeoffBoost - RatedBoost[0]) * 6895);
265 bTakeoffBoost = true;
267 TakeoffMAP[i] = RatedMAP[i];
268 bTakeoffBoost = false;
270 BoostMul[i] = RatedMAP[i] / (Atmosphere->GetPressure(RatedAltitude[i]) * psftopa);
274 if (BoostSpeeds > 0) {
278 bBoostOverride = (BoostOverride == 1 ? true : false);
279 if (MinThrottle < 0.12) MinThrottle = 0.12; //MinThrottle is limited to 0.12 to prevent the
280 // throttle area equation from going negative
281 // 0.12 is 1% of maximum area
282 Debug(0); // Call Debug() routine from constructor if needed
285 //%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
287 FGPiston::~FGPiston()
289 delete Lookup_Combustion_Efficiency;
290 delete Mixture_Efficiency_Correlation;
291 Debug(1); // Call Debug() routine from constructor if needed
294 //%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
296 void FGPiston::ResetToIC(void)
298 FGEngine::ResetToIC();
300 ManifoldPressure_inHg = Atmosphere->GetPressure() * psftoinhg; // psf to in Hg
301 MAP = Atmosphere->GetPressure() * psftopa;
302 double airTemperature_degK = RankineToKelvin(Atmosphere->GetTemperature());
303 OilTemp_degK = airTemperature_degK;
304 CylinderHeadTemp_degK = airTemperature_degK;
305 ExhaustGasTemp_degK = airTemperature_degK;
306 EGT_degC = ExhaustGasTemp_degK - 273;
307 Thruster->SetRPM(0.0);
309 OilPressure_psi = 0.0;
312 //%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
314 double FGPiston::Calculate(void)
316 if (FuelFlow_gph > 0.0) ConsumeFuel();
318 Throttle = FCS->GetThrottlePos(EngineNumber);
319 // calculate the throttle plate angle. 1 unit is pi/2 radians.
320 ThrottleAngle = MinThrottle+((MaxThrottle-MinThrottle)*Throttle );
321 Mixture = FCS->GetMixturePos(EngineNumber);
327 p_amb = Atmosphere->GetPressure() * psftopa;
328 p_amb_sea_level = Atmosphere->GetPressureSL() * psftopa;
329 T_amb = RankineToKelvin(Atmosphere->GetTemperature());
331 RPM = Thruster->GetRPM() * Thruster->GetGearRatio();
333 IAS = Auxiliary->GetVcalibratedKTS();
336 if (Boosted) doBoostControl();
341 //Now that the fuel flow is done check if the mixture is too lean to run the engine
342 //Assume lean limit at 22 AFR for now - thats a thi of 0.668
343 //This might be a bit generous, but since there's currently no audiable warning of impending
344 //cutout in the form of misfiring and/or rough running its probably reasonable for now.
345 // if (equivalence_ratio < 0.668)
349 if (HP < 0.1250) Running = false;
356 if (Thruster->GetType() == FGThruster::ttPropeller) {
357 ((FGPropeller*)Thruster)->SetAdvance(FCS->GetPropAdvance(EngineNumber));
358 ((FGPropeller*)Thruster)->SetFeather(FCS->GetPropFeather(EngineNumber));
361 PowerAvailable = (HP * hptoftlbssec) - Thruster->GetPowerRequired();
363 return Thruster->Calculate(PowerAvailable);
366 //%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
368 double FGPiston::CalcFuelNeed(void)
370 double dT = State->Getdt() * Propulsion->GetRate();
371 FuelExpended = FuelFlowRate * dT;
375 //%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
377 int FGPiston::InitRunning(void) {
379 //Thruster->SetRPM( 1.1*IdleRPM/Thruster->GetGearRatio() );
380 Thruster->SetRPM( 1000 );
385 //%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
387 * Start or stop the engine.
390 void FGPiston::doEngineStartup(void)
392 // Check parameters that may alter the operating state of the engine.
393 // (spark, fuel, starter motor etc)
398 Magneto_Left = false;
399 Magneto_Right = false;
400 // Magneto positions:
409 } // neglects battery voltage, master on switch, etc for now.
411 if ((Magnetos == 1) || (Magnetos > 2)) Magneto_Left = true;
412 if (Magnetos > 1) Magneto_Right = true;
414 // Assume we have fuel for now
417 // Check if we are turning the starter motor
418 if (Cranking != Starter) {
419 // This check saves .../cranking from getting updated every loop - they
420 // only update when changed.
425 if (Cranking) crank_counter++; //Check mode of engine operation
427 if (!Running && spark && fuel) { // start the engine if revs high enough
429 if ((RPM > IdleRPM*0.8) && (crank_counter > 175)) // Add a little delay to startup
430 Running = true; // on the starter
432 if (RPM > IdleRPM*0.8) // This allows us to in-air start
433 Running = true; // when windmilling
437 // Cut the engine *power* - Note: the engine may continue to
438 // spin if the prop is in a moving airstream
440 if ( Running && (!spark || !fuel) ) Running = false;
442 // Check for stalling (RPM = 0).
446 } else if ((RPM <= IdleRPM *0.8 ) && (Cranking)) {
452 //%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
455 * Calculate the Current Boost Speed
457 * This function calculates the current turbo/supercharger boost speed
458 * based on altitude and the (automatic) boost-speed control valve configuration.
460 * Inputs: p_amb, BoostSwitchPressure, BoostSwitchHysteresis
462 * Outputs: BoostSpeed
465 void FGPiston::doBoostControl(void)
467 if(BoostSpeed < BoostSpeeds - 1) {
468 // Check if we need to change to a higher boost speed
469 if(p_amb < BoostSwitchPressure[BoostSpeed] - BoostSwitchHysteresis) {
472 } else if(BoostSpeed > 0) {
473 // Check if we need to change to a lower boost speed
474 if(p_amb > BoostSwitchPressure[BoostSpeed - 1] + BoostSwitchHysteresis) {
480 //%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
483 * Calculate the manifold absolute pressure (MAP) in inches hg
485 * This function calculates manifold absolute pressure (MAP)
486 * from the throttle position, turbo/supercharger boost control
487 * system, engine speed and local ambient air density.
489 * Inputs: p_amb, Throttle, MaxManifoldPressure_Percent, ThrottleAngle
492 * Outputs: MAP, ManifoldPressure_inHg
495 void FGPiston::doMAP(void)
497 // estimate throttle plate area. This maps 0.2 -> 0.1 for historical performance reasons
498 double throttle_area = ThrottleAngle * 1.125 - 0.125;
499 map_coefficient = pow ((throttle_area * MaxManifoldPressure_Percent),RPM/MaxRPM);
500 MAP = p_amb * map_coefficient;
503 // If takeoff boost is fitted, we currently assume the following throttle map:
504 // (In throttle % - actual input is 0 -> 1)
505 // 99 / 100 - Takeoff boost
506 // 96 / 97 / 98 - Rated boost
507 // 0 - 95 - Idle to Rated boost (MinManifoldPressure to MaxManifoldPressure)
508 // In real life, most planes would be fitted with a mechanical 'gate' between
509 // the rated boost and takeoff boost positions.
510 double T = Throttle; // processed throttle value.
511 bool bTakeoffPos = false;
513 if(Throttle > 0.98) {
514 //cout << "Takeoff Boost!!!!\n";
516 } else if(Throttle <= 0.95) {
521 //cout << "Rated Boost!!\n";
525 // Boost the manifold pressure.
526 double boost_factor = BoostMul[BoostSpeed] * map_coefficient * RPM/RatedRPM[BoostSpeed];
527 if (boost_factor < 1.0) boost_factor = 1.0; // boost will never reduce the MAP
529 // Now clip the manifold pressure to BCV or Wastegate setting.
531 if(MAP > TakeoffMAP[BoostSpeed]) {
532 MAP = TakeoffMAP[BoostSpeed];
535 if(MAP > RatedMAP[BoostSpeed]) {
536 MAP = RatedMAP[BoostSpeed];
541 // And set the value in American units as well
542 ManifoldPressure_inHg = MAP / inhgtopa;
545 //%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
547 * Calculate the air flow through the engine.
548 * Also calculates ambient air density
549 * (used in CHT calculation for air-cooled engines).
551 * Inputs: p_amb, R_air, T_amb, MAP, Displacement,
552 * RPM, volumetric_efficiency, ThrottleAngle
554 * TODO: Model inlet manifold air temperature.
556 * Outputs: rho_air, m_dot_air
559 void FGPiston::doAirFlow(void)
561 rho_air = p_amb / (R_air * T_amb);
562 double displacement_SI = Displacement * in3tom3;
563 double swept_volume = (displacement_SI * (RPM/60)) / 2;
564 double v_dot_air = swept_volume * volumetric_efficiency * map_coefficient;
566 double rho_air_manifold = MAP / (R_air * T_amb);
567 m_dot_air = v_dot_air * rho_air_manifold;
570 //%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
572 * Calculate the fuel flow into the engine.
574 * Inputs: Mixture, thi_sea_level, p_amb_sea_level, p_amb, m_dot_air
576 * Outputs: equivalence_ratio, m_dot_fuel
579 void FGPiston::doFuelFlow(void)
581 double thi_sea_level = 1.3 * Mixture; // Allows an AFR of infinity:1 to 11.3075:1
582 equivalence_ratio = thi_sea_level * 101325.0 / p_amb;
583 // double AFR = 10+(12*(1-Mixture));// mixture 10:1 to 22:1
584 // m_dot_fuel = m_dot_air / AFR;
585 m_dot_fuel = (m_dot_air * equivalence_ratio) / 14.7;
586 FuelFlowRate = m_dot_fuel * 2.2046; // kg to lb
587 FuelFlow_pph = FuelFlowRate * 3600; // seconds to hours
588 FuelFlow_gph = FuelFlow_pph / 6.0; // Assumes 6 lbs / gallon
591 //%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
593 * Calculate the power produced by the engine.
595 * Currently, the JSBSim propellor model does not allow the
596 * engine to produce enough RPMs to get up to a high horsepower.
597 * When tested with sufficient RPM, it has no trouble reaching
600 * Inputs: ManifoldPressure_inHg, p_amb, RPM, T_amb,
601 * Mixture_Efficiency_Correlation, Cycles, MaxHP
603 * Outputs: Percentage_Power, HP
606 void FGPiston::doEnginePower(void)
609 double T_amb_degF = KelvinToFahrenheit(T_amb);
610 double T_amb_sea_lev_degF = KelvinToFahrenheit(288);
612 // FIXME: this needs to be generalized
613 double ME, friction, percent_RPM, power; // Convienience term for use in the calculations
614 ME = Mixture_Efficiency_Correlation->GetValue(m_dot_fuel/m_dot_air);
616 percent_RPM = RPM/MaxRPM;
617 friction = 1 - (percent_RPM * percent_RPM * percent_RPM * percent_RPM/10);
618 if (friction < 0 ) friction = 0;
621 if ( Magnetos != 3 ) power *= SparkFailDrop;
624 HP = (FuelFlow_gph * 6.0 / BSFC )* ME * map_coefficient * power;
628 // Power output when the engine is not running
632 } else if (RPM < IdleRPM*0.8) {
633 HP = StarterHP + ((IdleRPM*0.8 - RPM) / 8.0);
634 // This is a guess - would be nice to find a proper starter moter torque curve
639 // Quick hack until we port the FMEP stuff
646 Percentage_Power = HP / MaxHP ;
647 // cout << "Power = " << HP << " RPM = " << RPM << " Running = " << Running << " Cranking = " << Cranking << endl;
650 //%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
652 * Calculate the exhaust gas temperature.
654 * Inputs: equivalence_ratio, m_dot_fuel, calorific_value_fuel,
655 * Cp_air, m_dot_air, Cp_fuel, m_dot_fuel, T_amb, Percentage_Power
657 * Outputs: combustion_efficiency, ExhaustGasTemp_degK
660 void FGPiston::doEGT(void)
662 double delta_T_exhaust;
663 double enthalpy_exhaust;
664 double heat_capacity_exhaust;
667 if ((Running) && (m_dot_air > 0.0)) { // do the energy balance
668 combustion_efficiency = Lookup_Combustion_Efficiency->GetValue(equivalence_ratio);
669 enthalpy_exhaust = m_dot_fuel * calorific_value_fuel *
670 combustion_efficiency * 0.33;
671 heat_capacity_exhaust = (Cp_air * m_dot_air) + (Cp_fuel * m_dot_fuel);
672 delta_T_exhaust = enthalpy_exhaust / heat_capacity_exhaust;
673 ExhaustGasTemp_degK = T_amb + delta_T_exhaust;
674 ExhaustGasTemp_degK *= 0.444 + ((0.544 - 0.444) * Percentage_Power);
675 } else { // Drop towards ambient - guess an appropriate time constant for now
676 combustion_efficiency = 0;
677 dEGTdt = (RankineToKelvin(Atmosphere->GetTemperature()) - ExhaustGasTemp_degK) / 100.0;
678 delta_T_exhaust = dEGTdt * dt;
679 ExhaustGasTemp_degK += delta_T_exhaust;
683 //%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
685 * Calculate the cylinder head temperature.
687 * Inputs: T_amb, IAS, rho_air, m_dot_fuel, calorific_value_fuel,
688 * combustion_efficiency, RPM, MaxRPM
690 * Outputs: CylinderHeadTemp_degK
693 void FGPiston::doCHT(void)
697 double h3 = -140.0; // -0.05 * 2800 (default maxrpm)
699 double arbitary_area = 1.0;
700 double CpCylinderHead = 800.0;
701 double MassCylinderHead = 8.0;
703 double temperature_difference = CylinderHeadTemp_degK - T_amb;
704 double v_apparent = IAS * 0.5144444;
705 double v_dot_cooling_air = arbitary_area * v_apparent;
706 double m_dot_cooling_air = v_dot_cooling_air * rho_air;
707 double dqdt_from_combustion =
708 m_dot_fuel * calorific_value_fuel * combustion_efficiency * 0.33;
709 double dqdt_forced = (h2 * m_dot_cooling_air * temperature_difference) +
710 (h3 * RPM * temperature_difference / MaxRPM);
711 double dqdt_free = h1 * temperature_difference;
712 double dqdt_cylinder_head = dqdt_from_combustion + dqdt_forced + dqdt_free;
714 double HeatCapacityCylinderHead = CpCylinderHead * MassCylinderHead;
716 CylinderHeadTemp_degK +=
717 (dqdt_cylinder_head / HeatCapacityCylinderHead) * dt;
720 //%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
722 * Calculate the oil temperature.
724 * Inputs: CylinderHeadTemp_degK, T_amb, OilPressure_psi.
726 * Outputs: OilTemp_degK
729 void FGPiston::doOilTemperature(void)
731 double idle_percentage_power = 0.023; // approximately
732 double target_oil_temp; // Steady state oil temp at the current engine conditions
733 double time_constant; // The time constant for the differential equation
734 double efficiency = 0.667; // The aproximate oil cooling system efficiency // FIXME: may vary by engine
736 // Target oil temp is interpolated between ambient temperature and Cylinder Head Tempurature
737 // target_oil_temp = ( T_amb * efficiency ) + (CylinderHeadTemp_degK *(1-efficiency)) ;
738 target_oil_temp = CylinderHeadTemp_degK + efficiency * (T_amb - CylinderHeadTemp_degK) ;
740 if (OilPressure_psi > 5.0 ) {
741 time_constant = 5000 / OilPressure_psi; // Guess at a time constant for circulated oil.
742 // The higher the pressure the faster it reaches
743 // target temperature. Oil pressure should be about
744 // 60 PSI yielding a TC of about 80.
746 time_constant = 1000; // Time constant for engine-off; reflects the fact
747 // that oil is no longer getting circulated
750 double dOilTempdt = (target_oil_temp - OilTemp_degK) / time_constant;
752 OilTemp_degK += (dOilTempdt * dt);
755 //%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
757 * Calculate the oil pressure.
759 * Inputs: RPM, MaxRPM, OilTemp_degK
761 * Outputs: OilPressure_psi
764 void FGPiston::doOilPressure(void)
766 double Oil_Press_Relief_Valve = 60; // FIXME: may vary by engine
767 double Oil_Press_RPM_Max = MaxRPM * 0.75; // 75% of max rpm FIXME: may vary by engine
768 double Design_Oil_Temp = 358; // degK; FIXME: may vary by engine
769 double Oil_Viscosity_Index = 0.25;
771 OilPressure_psi = (Oil_Press_Relief_Valve / Oil_Press_RPM_Max) * RPM;
773 if (OilPressure_psi >= Oil_Press_Relief_Valve) {
774 OilPressure_psi = Oil_Press_Relief_Valve;
777 OilPressure_psi += (Design_Oil_Temp - OilTemp_degK) * Oil_Viscosity_Index * OilPressure_psi / Oil_Press_Relief_Valve;
780 //%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
782 string FGPiston::GetEngineLabels(string delimeter)
784 std::ostringstream buf;
786 buf << Name << " Power Available (engine " << EngineNumber << " in HP)" << delimeter
787 << Name << " HP (engine " << EngineNumber << ")" << delimeter
788 << Name << " equivalent ratio (engine " << EngineNumber << ")" << delimeter
789 << Name << " MAP (engine " << EngineNumber << ")" << delimeter
790 << Thruster->GetThrusterLabels(EngineNumber, delimeter);
795 //%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
797 string FGPiston::GetEngineValues(string delimeter)
799 std::ostringstream buf;
801 buf << PowerAvailable << delimeter << HP << delimeter
802 << equivalence_ratio << delimeter << MAP << delimeter
803 << Thruster->GetThrusterValues(EngineNumber, delimeter);
808 //%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
810 // The bitmasked value choices are as follows:
811 // unset: In this case (the default) JSBSim would only print
812 // out the normally expected messages, essentially echoing
813 // the config files as they are read. If the environment
814 // variable is not set, debug_lvl is set to 1 internally
815 // 0: This requests JSBSim not to output any messages
817 // 1: This value explicity requests the normal JSBSim
819 // 2: This value asks for a message to be printed out when
820 // a class is instantiated
821 // 4: When this value is set, a message is displayed when a
822 // FGModel object executes its Run() method
823 // 8: When this value is set, various runtime state variables
824 // are printed out periodically
825 // 16: When set various parameters are sanity checked and
826 // a message is printed out when they go out of bounds
828 void FGPiston::Debug(int from)
830 if (debug_lvl <= 0) return;
832 if (debug_lvl & 1) { // Standard console startup message output
833 if (from == 0) { // Constructor
835 cout << "\n Engine Name: " << Name << endl;
836 cout << " MinManifoldPressure: " << MinManifoldPressure_inHg << endl;
837 cout << " MaxManifoldPressure: " << MaxManifoldPressure_inHg << endl;
838 cout << " MinMaP (Pa): " << minMAP << endl;
839 cout << " MaxMaP (Pa): " << maxMAP << endl;
840 cout << " Displacement: " << Displacement << endl;
841 cout << " MaxHP: " << MaxHP << endl;
842 cout << " Cycles: " << Cycles << endl;
843 cout << " IdleRPM: " << IdleRPM << endl;
844 cout << " MaxThrottle: " << MaxThrottle << endl;
845 cout << " MinThrottle: " << MinThrottle << endl;
846 cout << " BSFC: " << BSFC << endl;
849 cout << " Combustion Efficiency table:" << endl;
850 Lookup_Combustion_Efficiency->Print();
854 cout << " Mixture Efficiency Correlation table:" << endl;
855 Mixture_Efficiency_Correlation->Print();
860 if (debug_lvl & 2 ) { // Instantiation/Destruction notification
861 if (from == 0) cout << "Instantiated: FGPiston" << endl;
862 if (from == 1) cout << "Destroyed: FGPiston" << endl;
864 if (debug_lvl & 4 ) { // Run() method entry print for FGModel-derived objects
866 if (debug_lvl & 8 ) { // Runtime state variables
868 if (debug_lvl & 16) { // Sanity checking
870 if (debug_lvl & 64) {
871 if (from == 0) { // Constructor
872 cout << IdSrc << endl;
873 cout << IdHdr << endl;
877 } // namespace JSBSim