1 /*%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
5 Date started: 03/11/2003
7 ------------- Copyright (C) 2003 David Culp (davidculp2@comcast.net)----------
9 This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
10 the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free Software
11 Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later
14 This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
15 ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
16 FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser General Public License for more
19 You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License along with
20 this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple
21 Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
23 Further information about the GNU Lesser General Public License can also be found on
24 the world wide web at http://www.gnu.org.
27 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
28 03/11/2003 DPC Created, based on FGTurbine
29 09/22/2003 DPC Added starting, stopping, new framework
30 04/29/2004 DPC Renamed from FGSimTurbine to FGTurbine
32 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
34 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%*/
39 /*%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
41 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%*/
45 #define ID_TURBINE "$Id: FGTurbine.h,v 1.19 2010/08/21 18:08:46 jberndt Exp $"
47 /*%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
49 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%*/
56 /*%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
58 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%*/
60 /** This class models a turbine engine. Based on Jon Berndt's FGTurbine module.
61 Here the term "phase" signifies the engine's mode of operation. At any given
62 time the engine is in only one phase. At simulator startup the engine will be
63 placed in the Trim phase in order to provide a simplified thrust value without
64 throttle lag. When trimming is complete the engine will go to the Off phase,
65 unless the value FGEngine::Running has been previously set to true, in which
66 case the engine will go to the Run phase. Once an engine is in the Off phase
67 the full starting procedure (or airstart) must be used to get it running.
69 - STARTING (on ground):
70 -# Set the control FGEngine::Starter to true. The engine will spin up to
71 a maximum of about %25 N2 (%5.2 N1). This simulates the action of a
73 -# After reaching %15 N2 set the control FGEngine::Cutoff to false. If fuel
74 is available the engine will now accelerate to idle. The starter will
75 automatically be set to false after the start cycle.
78 -# Increase speed to obtain a minimum of %15 N2. If this is not possible,
79 the starter may be used to assist.
80 -# Place the control FGEngine::Cutoff to false.
82 Ignition is assumed to be on anytime the Cutoff control is set to false,
83 therefore a seperate ignition system is not modeled.
85 <h3>Configuration File Format:</h3>
87 <turbine_engine name="{string}">
88 <milthrust unit="{LBS | N}"> {number} </milthrust>
89 <maxthrust unit="{LBS | N}"> {number} </maxthrust>
90 <bypassratio> {number} </bypassratio>
91 <bleed> {number} </bleed>
92 <tsfc> {number} </tsfc>
93 <atsfc> {number} </atsfc>
94 <idlen1> {number} </idlen1>
95 <idlen2> {number} </idlen2>
96 <maxn1> {number} </maxn1>
97 <maxn2> {number} </maxn2>
98 <augmented> {0 | 1} </augmented>
99 <augmethod> {0 | 1 | 2} </augmethod>
100 <injected> {0 | 1} </injected>
101 <injection-time> {number} </injection-time>
105 <h3>Definition of the turbine engine configuration file parameters:</h3>
108 milthrust - Maximum thrust, static, at sea level.
109 maxthrust - Afterburning thrust, static, at sea level.
110 bypassratio - Ratio of bypass air flow to core air flow.
111 bleed - Thrust reduction factor due to losses (0.0 to 1.0).
112 tsfc - Thrust-specific fuel consumption at cruise, lbm/hr/lbf
113 atsfc - Afterburning TSFC, lbm/hr/lbf
114 idlen1 - Fan rotor rpm (% of max) at idle
115 idlen2 - Core rotor rpm (% of max) at idle
116 maxn1 - Fan rotor rpm (% of max) at full throttle
117 maxn2 - Core rotor rpm (% of max) at full throttle
119 0 = afterburner not installed
120 1 = afterburner installed
122 0 = afterburner activated by property /engines/engine[n]/augmentation
123 1 = afterburner activated by pushing throttle above 99% position
124 2 = throttle range is expanded in the FCS, and values above 1.0 are afterburner range
126 0 = Water injection not installed
127 1 = Water injection installed
128 injection-time - Time, in seconds, of water injection duration
133 Bypass ratio is used only to estimate engine acceleration time. The
134 effect of bypass ratio on engine efficiency is already included in
135 the TSFC value. Feel free to set this parameter (even for turbojets) to
136 whatever value gives a desired spool-up rate. Default value is 0.
138 The bleed factor is multiplied by thrust to give a resulting thrust
139 after losses. This can represent losses due to bleed, or any other cause.
140 Default value is 0. A common value would be 0.04.
142 Nozzle position, for variable area exhaust nozzles, is provided for users
143 needing to drive a nozzle gauge or animate a virtual nozzle.
145 This model can only be used with the "direct" thruster. See the file:
148 @author David P. Culp
149 @version "$Id: FGTurbine.h,v 1.19 2010/08/21 18:08:46 jberndt Exp $"
152 /*%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
154 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%*/
156 class FGTurbine : public FGEngine
160 @param Executive pointer to executive structure
161 @param el pointer to the XML element representing the turbine engine
162 @param engine_number engine number */
163 FGTurbine(FGFDMExec* Executive, Element *el, int engine_number);
167 enum phaseType { tpOff, tpRun, tpSpinUp, tpStart, tpStall, tpSeize, tpTrim };
169 void Calculate(void);
170 double CalcFuelNeed(void);
171 double GetPowerAvailable(void);
173 Used to control the rate at which values are allowed to change.
174 @param var a pointer to a variable of type double
175 @param target the desired (target) value
176 @param accel the rate, per second, the value may increase
177 @param decel the rate, per second, the value may decrease */
178 double Seek(double* var, double target, double accel, double decel);
180 phaseType GetPhase(void) { return phase; }
182 bool GetOvertemp(void) const {return Overtemp; }
183 bool GetInjection(void) const {return Injection;}
184 bool GetFire(void) const { return Fire; }
185 bool GetAugmentation(void) const {return Augmentation;}
186 bool GetReversed(void) const { return Reversed; }
187 bool GetCutoff(void) const { return Cutoff; }
188 int GetIgnition(void) const {return Ignition;}
190 double GetInlet(void) const { return InletPosition; }
191 double GetNozzle(void) const { return NozzlePosition; }
192 double GetBleedDemand(void) const {return BleedDemand;}
193 double GetN1(void) const {return N1;}
194 double GetN2(void) const {return N2;}
195 double GetEPR(void) const {return EPR;}
196 double GetEGT(void) const {return EGT_degC;}
198 double getOilPressure_psi () const {return OilPressure_psi;}
199 double getOilTemp_degF (void) {return KelvinToFahrenheit(OilTemp_degK);}
201 void SetInjection(bool injection) {Injection = injection;}
202 void SetIgnition(int ignition) {Ignition = ignition;}
203 void SetAugmentation(bool augmentation) {Augmentation = augmentation;}
204 void SetPhase( phaseType p ) { phase = p; }
205 void SetEPR(double epr) {EPR = epr;}
206 void SetBleedDemand(double bleedDemand) {BleedDemand = bleedDemand;}
207 void SetReverse(bool reversed) { Reversed = reversed; }
208 void SetCutoff(bool cutoff) { Cutoff = cutoff; }
209 int InitRunning(void);
210 void ResetToIC(void);
212 std::string GetEngineLabels(const std::string& delimiter);
213 std::string GetEngineValues(const std::string& delimiter);
217 phaseType phase; ///< Operating mode, or "phase"
218 double MilThrust; ///< Maximum Unaugmented Thrust, static @ S.L. (lbf)
219 double MaxThrust; ///< Maximum Augmented Thrust, static @ S.L. (lbf)
220 double BypassRatio; ///< Bypass Ratio
221 double TSFC; ///< Thrust Specific Fuel Consumption (lbm/hr/lbf)
222 double ATSFC; ///< Augmented TSFC (lbm/hr/lbf)
223 double IdleN1; ///< Idle N1
224 double IdleN2; ///< Idle N2
227 double N2norm; ///< N2 normalized (0=idle, 1=max)
228 double MaxN1; ///< N1 at 100% throttle
229 double MaxN2; ///< N2 at 100% throttle
230 double IdleFF; ///< Idle Fuel Flow (lbm/hr)
231 double delay; ///< Inverse spool-up time from idle to 100% (seconds)
232 double dt; ///< Simulator time slice
233 double N1_factor; ///< factor to tie N1 and throttle
234 double N2_factor; ///< factor to tie N2 and throttle
235 double ThrottlePos; ///< FCS-supplied throttle position
236 double AugmentCmd; ///< modulated afterburner command (0.0 to 1.0)
237 double TAT; ///< total air temperature (deg C)
238 double N1_spinup; ///< N1 spin up rate from starter (per second)
239 double N2_spinup; ///< N2 spin up rate from starter (per second)
240 bool Stalled; ///< true if engine is compressor-stalled
241 bool Seized; ///< true if inner spool is seized
242 bool Overtemp; ///< true if EGT exceeds limits
243 bool Fire; ///< true if engine fire detected
248 int Injected; ///< = 1 if water injection installed
250 int Augmented; ///< = 1 if augmentation installed
251 int AugMethod; ///< = 0 if using property /engine[n]/augmentation
252 ///< = 1 if using last 1% of throttle movement
253 ///< = 2 if using FCS-defined throttle
256 double OilPressure_psi;
259 double InletPosition;
260 double NozzlePosition;
261 double correctedTSFC;
262 double InjectionTimer;
263 double InjectionTime;
273 FGFunction *IdleThrustLookup;
274 FGFunction *MilThrustLookup;
275 FGFunction *MaxThrustLookup;
276 FGFunction *InjectionLookup;
278 bool Load(FGFDMExec *exec, Element *el);
279 void bindmodel(void);
280 void Debug(int from);
284 //%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%