// I've tried to match the prop and engine model to give roughly 600 RPM idle and 180 HP at 2700 RPM
// but it is by no means currently at a completed stage - DCL 15/9/00
//
-// DCL 28/9/00 - Added estimate of engine and prop inertia and changed engine speed calculation to be calculated from Angular acceleration = Torque / Inertia.
-// Requires a timestep to be passed to FGNewEngine::init and currently assumes this timestep does not change.
-// Could easily be altered to pass a variable timestep to FGNewEngine::update every step instead if required.
+// DCL 28/09/00 - Added estimate of engine and prop inertia and changed engine speed calculation to be calculated from Angular acceleration = Torque / Inertia.
+// Requires a timestep to be passed to FGNewEngine::init and currently assumes this timestep does not change.
+// Could easily be altered to pass a variable timestep to FGNewEngine::update every step instead if required.
//
// DCL 27/10/00 - Added first stab at cylinder head temperature model
// See the comment block in the code for details
//
-// DCL 02/11/00 - Modified EGT code to reduce values to those more representative of a sensor downstream
+// DCL 02/11/00 - Modified EGT code to reduce values to those more representative of a sensor downstream
//
+// DCL 02/02/01 - Changed the prop model to one based on efficiency and co-efficient of power curves from McCormick instead of the
+// blade element method we were using previously. This works much better, and is similar to how Jon is doing it in JSBSim.
+//
+// DCL 08/02/01 - Overhauled fuel consumption rate support.
+//
+// DCL 22/03/01 - Added input of actual air pressure and temperature (and hence density) to the model. Hence the power correlation
+// with pressure height and temperature is no longer required since the power is based on the actual manifold pressure.
+//
+// DCL 22/03/01 - based on Riley's post on the list (25 rpm gain at 1000 rpm as lever is pulled out from full rich)
+// I have reduced the sea level full rich mixture to thi = 1.3
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
#include <simgear/compiler.h>
-#include <iostream>
-#include <fstream>
#include <math.h>
+#include STL_FSTREAM
+#include STL_IOSTREAM
+
+#if !defined(SG_HAVE_NATIVE_SGI_COMPILERS)
+SG_USING_STD(cout);
+#endif
+
#include "IO360.hxx"
-FG_USING_STD(cout);
+
+// Static utility functions
+
+// Calculate Density Ratio
+static float Density_Ratio ( float x )
+{
+ float y ;
+ y = ((3E-10 * x * x) - (3E-05 * x) + 0.9998);
+ return(y);
+}
+
+
+// Calculate Air Density - Rho, using the ideal gas equation
+// Takes and returns SI values
+static float Density ( float temperature, float pressure )
+{
+ // rho = P / RT
+ // R = 287.3 for air
+
+ float R = 287.3;
+ float rho = pressure / (R * temperature);
+ return(rho);
+}
+
+
+// Calculate Speed in FPS given Knots CAS
+static float IAS_to_FPS (float x)
+{
+ float y;
+ y = x * 1.68888888;
+ return y;
+}
+
+// FGNewEngine member functions
float FGNewEngine::Lookup_Combustion_Efficiency(float thi_actual)
{
const int NUM_ELEMENTS = 11;
float thi[NUM_ELEMENTS] = {0.0, 0.9, 1.0, 1.05, 1.1, 1.15, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6}; //array of equivalence ratio values
float neta_comb[NUM_ELEMENTS] = {0.98, 0.98, 0.97, 0.95, 0.9, 0.85, 0.79, 0.7, 0.63, 0.57, 0.525}; //corresponding array of combustion efficiency values
- //combustion efficiency values from Heywood: ISBN 0-07-100499-8
+ //combustion efficiency values from Heywood, "Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals", ISBN 0-07-100499-8
float neta_comb_actual;
float factor;
int i;
- int j;
- j = NUM_ELEMENTS; //This must be equal to the number of elements in the lookup table arrays
+ int j = NUM_ELEMENTS; //This must be equal to the number of elements in the lookup table arrays
for(i=0;i<j;i++)
{
- if(i == (j-1))
- {
- //this is just to avoid crashing the routine is we are bigger than the last element - for now just return the last element
- //but at some point we will have to extrapolate further
- neta_comb_actual = neta_comb[i];
+ if(i == (j-1)) {
+ // Assume linear extrapolation of the slope between the last two points beyond the last point
+ float dydx = (neta_comb[i] - neta_comb[i-1]) / (thi[i] - thi[i-1]);
+ neta_comb_actual = neta_comb[i] + dydx * (thi_actual - thi[i]);
return neta_comb_actual;
}
- if(thi_actual == thi[i])
- {
+ if(thi_actual == thi[i]) {
neta_comb_actual = neta_comb[i];
return neta_comb_actual;
}
- if((thi_actual > thi[i]) && (thi_actual < thi[i + 1]))
- {
+ if((thi_actual > thi[i]) && (thi_actual < thi[i + 1])) {
//do linear interpolation between the two points
factor = (thi_actual - thi[i]) / (thi[i+1] - thi[i]);
neta_comb_actual = (factor * (neta_comb[i+1] - neta_comb[i])) + neta_comb[i];
return neta_comb_actual;
}
+////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// Return the percentage of best mixture power available at a given mixture strength
+//
+// Based on data from "Technical Considerations for Catalysts for the European Market"
+// by H S Gandi, published 1988 by IMechE
+//
+// Note that currently no attempt is made to set a lean limit on stable combustion
+////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+float FGNewEngine::Power_Mixture_Correlation(float thi_actual)
+{
+ float AFR_actual = 14.7 / thi_actual;
+ // thi and thi_actual are equivalence ratio
+ const int NUM_ELEMENTS = 13;
+ // The lookup table is in AFR because the source data was. I added the two end elements to make sure we are almost always in it.
+ float AFR[NUM_ELEMENTS] = {(14.7/1.6), 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, (14.7/0.6)}; //array of equivalence ratio values
+ float mixPerPow[NUM_ELEMENTS] = {78, 86, 93.5, 98, 100, 99, 96.4, 92.5, 88, 83, 78.5, 74, 58}; //corresponding array of combustion efficiency values
+ float mixPerPow_actual;
+ float factor;
+ float dydx;
+
+ int i;
+ int j = NUM_ELEMENTS; //This must be equal to the number of elements in the lookup table arrays
+
+ for(i=0;i<j;i++)
+ {
+ if(i == (j-1)) {
+ // Assume linear extrapolation of the slope between the last two points beyond the last point
+ dydx = (mixPerPow[i] - mixPerPow[i-1]) / (AFR[i] - AFR[i-1]);
+ mixPerPow_actual = mixPerPow[i] + dydx * (AFR_actual - AFR[i]);
+ return mixPerPow_actual;
+ }
+ if((i == 0) && (AFR_actual < AFR[i])) {
+ // Assume linear extrapolation of the slope between the first two points for points before the first point
+ dydx = (mixPerPow[i] - mixPerPow[i-1]) / (AFR[i] - AFR[i-1]);
+ mixPerPow_actual = mixPerPow[i] + dydx * (AFR_actual - AFR[i]);
+ return mixPerPow_actual;
+ }
+ if(AFR_actual == AFR[i]) {
+ mixPerPow_actual = mixPerPow[i];
+ return mixPerPow_actual;
+ }
+ if((AFR_actual > AFR[i]) && (AFR_actual < AFR[i + 1])) {
+ //do linear interpolation between the two points
+ factor = (AFR_actual - AFR[i]) / (AFR[i+1] - AFR[i]);
+ mixPerPow_actual = (factor * (mixPerPow[i+1] - mixPerPow[i])) + mixPerPow[i];
+ return mixPerPow_actual;
+ }
+ }
+
+ //if we get here something has gone badly wrong
+ cout << "ERROR: error in FGNewEngine::Power_Mixture_Correlation\n";
+ return mixPerPow_actual;
+}
+
+
// Calculate Manifold Pressure based on Throttle lever Position
-static float Calc_Manifold_Pressure ( float LeverPosn, float MaxMan, float MinMan)
+float FGNewEngine::Calc_Manifold_Pressure ( float LeverPosn, float MaxMan, float MinMan)
{
float Inches;
// if ( x < = 0 ) {
// Calculate Oil Temperature
-static float Oil_Temp (float Fuel_Flow, float Mixture, float IAS)
+float FGNewEngine::Calc_Oil_Temp (float Fuel_Flow, float Mixture, float IAS)
{
float Oil_Temp = 85;
}
// Calculate Oil Pressure
-static float Oil_Press (float Oil_Temp, float Engine_RPM)
+float FGNewEngine::Calc_Oil_Press (float Oil_Temp, float Engine_RPM)
{
float Oil_Pressure = 0; //PSI
float Oil_Press_Relief_Valve = 60; //PSI
return Oil_Pressure;
}
-
-// Calculate Density Ratio
-static float Density_Ratio ( float x )
-{
- float y ;
- y = ((3E-10 * x * x) - (3E-05 * x) + 0.9998);
- return(y);
-}
-
-
-// Calculate Air Density - Rho
-static float Density ( float x )
-{
- float y ;
- y = ((9E-08 * x * x) - (7E-08 * x) + 0.0024);
- return(y);
-}
-
-
-// Calculate Speed in FPS given Knots CAS
-static float IAS_to_FPS (float x)
-{
- float y;
- y = x * 1.68888888;
- return y;
-}
-
-
//*************************************************************************************
// Initialise the engine model
void FGNewEngine::init(double dt) {
Cp_air = 1005; // J/KgK
Cp_fuel = 1700; // J/KgK
calorific_value_fuel = 47.3e6; // W/Kg Note that this is only an approximate value
+ rho_fuel = 800; // kg/m^3 - an estimate for now
R_air = 287.3;
+ p_amb_sea_level = 101325;
// Control and environment inputs
IAS = 0;
Percentage_Power = 0;
Manifold_Pressure = 29.00; // Inches
RPM = 600;
- Fuel_Flow = 0; // lbs/hour
+ Fuel_Flow_gals_hr = 0;
Torque = 0;
Torque_SI = 0;
CHT = 298.0; //deg Kelvin
Torque_Imbalance = 0;
// Initialise Propellor Variables used by this instance
- FGProp1_Angular_V = 0;
- FGProp1_Coef_Drag = 0.6;
- FGProp1_Torque = 0;
FGProp1_Thrust = 0;
FGProp1_RPS = 0;
- FGProp1_Coef_Lift = 0.1;
- Alpha1 = 13.5;
FGProp1_Blade_Angle = 13.5;
- FGProp_Fine_Pitch_Stop = 13.5;
-
- // Other internal values
- Rho = 0.002378;
+ prop_diameter = 1.8; // meters
+ blade_angle = 23.0; // degrees
}
//*****************************************************************************
// update the engine model based on current control positions
void FGNewEngine::update() {
- // Declare local variables
-// int num = 0;
- // const int num2 = 500; // default is 100, number if iterations to run
-// const int num2 = 5; // default is 100, number if iterations to run
+
+/*
+ // Hack for testing - should output every 5 seconds
+ static int count1 = 0;
+ if(count1 == 0) {
+// cout << "P_atmos = " << p_amb << " T_atmos = " << T_amb << '\n';
+// cout << "Manifold pressure = " << Manifold_Pressure << " True_Manifold_Pressure = " << True_Manifold_Pressure << '\n';
+// cout << "p_amb_sea_level = " << p_amb_sea_level << '\n';
+// cout << "equivalence_ratio = " << equivalence_ratio << '\n';
+// cout << "combustion_efficiency = " << combustion_efficiency << '\n';
+// cout << "AFR = " << 14.7 / equivalence_ratio << '\n';
+// cout << "Mixture lever = " << Mixture_Lever_Pos << '\n';
+// cout << "n = " << RPM << " rpm\n";
+ cout << "T_amb = " << T_amb << '\n';
+ }
+ count1++;
+ if(count1 == 600)
+ count1 = 0;
+*/
+
float ManXRPM = 0;
float Vo = 0;
float V1 = 0;
-
// Set up the new variables
- float Blade_Station = 30;
- float FGProp_Area = 1.405/3;
float PI = 3.1428571;
- // Input Variables
-
- // 0 = Closed, 100 = Fully Open
- // float Throttle_Lever_Pos = 75;
- // 0 = Full Course 100 = Full Fine
- // float Propeller_Lever_Pos = 75;
- // 0 = Idle Cut Off 100 = Full Rich
- // float Mixture_Lever_Pos = 100;
-
- // Environmental Variables
-
- // Temp Variation from ISA (Deg F)
- float FG_ISA_VAR = 0;
- // Pressure Altitude 1000's of Feet
- float FG_Pressure_Ht = 0;
-
// Parameters that alter the operation of the engine.
int Fuel_Available = 1; // Yes = 1. Is there Fuel Available. Calculated elsewhere
int Alternate_Air_Pos =0; // Off = 0. Reduces power by 3 % for same throttle setting
int Magneto_Right = 1; // 1 = On. Ditto, Both of the above though do not alter fuel flow
- //==================================================================
- // Engine & Environmental Inputs from elsewhere
-
- // Calculate Air Density (Rho) - In FG this is calculated in
- // FG_Atomoshere.cxx
-
- Rho = Density(FG_Pressure_Ht); // In FG FG_Pressure_Ht is "h"
- // cout << "Rho = " << Rho << endl;
-
- // Calculate Manifold Pressure (Engine 1) as set by throttle opening
-
- Manifold_Pressure =
- Calc_Manifold_Pressure( Throttle_Lever_Pos, Max_Manifold_Pressure, Min_Manifold_Pressure );
+ // Calculate Sea Level Manifold Pressure
+ Manifold_Pressure = Calc_Manifold_Pressure( Throttle_Lever_Pos, Max_Manifold_Pressure, Min_Manifold_Pressure );
// cout << "manifold pressure = " << Manifold_Pressure << endl;
-//**************************FIXME*******************************************
- //DCL - hack for testing - fly at sea level
- T_amb = 298.0;
- p_amb = 101325;
- p_amb_sea_level = 101325;
-
- //DCL - next calculate m_dot_air and m_dot_fuel into engine
-
- //calculate actual ambient pressure and temperature from altitude
//Then find the actual manifold pressure (the calculated one is the sea level pressure)
True_Manifold_Pressure = Manifold_Pressure * p_amb / p_amb_sea_level;
- // RPM = Calc_Engine_RPM(Propeller_Lever_Pos);
- // RPM = 600;
- // cout << "Initial engine RPM = " << RPM << endl;
-
-// Desired_RPM = RPM;
-
-//**************
+//*************
+//DCL - next calculate m_dot_air and m_dot_fuel into engine
//DCL - calculate mass air flow into engine based on speed and load - separate this out into a function eventually
//t_amb is actual temperature calculated from altitude
//calculate density from ideal gas equation
rho_air = p_amb / ( R_air * T_amb );
- rho_air_manifold = rho_air * Manifold_Pressure / 29.6;
+ rho_air_manifold = rho_air * Manifold_Pressure / 29.6; //This is a bit of a roundabout way of calculating this but it works !! If we put manifold pressure into SI units we could do it simpler.
//calculate ideal engine volume inducted per second
swept_volume = (displacement_SI * (RPM / 60)) / 2; //This equation is only valid for a four stroke engine
//calculate volumetric efficiency - for now we will just use 0.8, but actually it is a function of engine speed and the exhaust to manifold pressure ratio
+ //Note that this is cylinder vol eff - the throttle drop is already accounted for in the MAP calculation
volumetric_efficiency = 0.8;
//Now use volumetric efficiency to calculate actual air volume inducted per second
v_dot_air = swept_volume * volumetric_efficiency;
//Now calculate mass flow rate of air into engine
m_dot_air = v_dot_air * rho_air_manifold;
- // cout << "rho air manifold " << rho_air_manifold << '\n';
- // cout << "Swept volume " << swept_volume << '\n';
-
//**************
//DCL - now calculate fuel flow into engine based on air flow and mixture lever position
- //assume lever runs from no flow at fully out to thi = 1.6 at fully in at sea level
+ //assume lever runs from no flow at fully out to thi = 1.3 at fully in at sea level
//also assume that the injector linkage is ideal - hence the set mixture is maintained at a given altitude throughout the speed and load range
- thi_sea_level = 1.6 * ( Mixture_Lever_Pos / 100.0 );
+ thi_sea_level = 1.3 * ( Mixture_Lever_Pos / 100.0 );
equivalence_ratio = thi_sea_level * p_amb_sea_level / p_amb; //ie as we go higher the mixture gets richer for a given lever position
m_dot_fuel = m_dot_air / 14.7 * equivalence_ratio;
-
- // cout << "fuel " << m_dot_fuel;
- // cout << " air " << m_dot_air << '\n';
+ Fuel_Flow_gals_hr = (m_dot_fuel / rho_fuel) * 264.172 * 3600.0; // Note this assumes US gallons
//***********************************************************************
//Engine power and torque calculations
// For a given Manifold Pressure and RPM calculate the % Power
// Multiply Manifold Pressure by RPM
- ManXRPM = Manifold_Pressure * RPM;
+ ManXRPM = True_Manifold_Pressure * RPM;
+// ManXRPM = Manifold_Pressure * RPM;
// cout << ManXRPM;
// cout << endl;
// Calculate %power for DCL prop model
Percentage_Power = (7e-9 * ManXRPM * ManXRPM) + (7e-4 * ManXRPM) - 1.0;
- // cout << Percentage_Power << "%" << "\t";
-
+ // Power de-rating for altitude has been removed now that we are basing the power
+ // on the actual manifold pressure, which takes air pressure into account. However - this fails to
+ // take the temperature into account - this is TODO.
+ // Adjust power for temperature - this is temporary until the power is done as a function of mass flow rate induced
// Adjust for Temperature - Temperature above Standard decrease
- // power % by 7/120 per degree F increase, and incease power for
+ // power by 7/120 % per degree F increase, and incease power for
// temps below at the same ratio
- Percentage_Power = Percentage_Power - (FG_ISA_VAR * 7 /120);
- // cout << Percentage_Power << "%" << "\t";
-
-//******DCL - this bit will need altering or removing if I go to true altitude adjusted manifold pressure
- // Adjust for Altitude. In this version a linear variation is
- // used. Decrease 1% for each 1000' increase in Altitde
- Percentage_Power = Percentage_Power + (FG_Pressure_Ht * 12/10000);
- // cout << Percentage_Power << "%" << "\t";
-
+ float T_amb_degF = (T_amb * 1.8) - 459.67;
+ float T_amb_sea_lev_degF = (288 * 1.8) - 459.67;
+ Percentage_Power = Percentage_Power + ((T_amb_sea_lev_degF - T_amb_degF) * 7 /120);
//DCL - now adjust power to compensate for mixture
- //uses a curve fit to the data in the IO360 / O360 operating manual
- //due to the shape of the curve I had to use a 6th order fit - I am sure it must be possible to reduce this in future,
- //possibly by using separate fits for rich and lean of best power mixture
- //first adjust actual mixture to abstract mixture - this is a temporary hack in order to account for the fact that the data I have
- //dosn't specify actual mixtures and I want to be able to change what I think they are without redoing the curve fit each time.
- //y=10x-12 for now
- abstract_mixture = 10.0 * equivalence_ratio - 12.0;
- float m = abstract_mixture; //to simplify writing the next equation
- Percentage_of_best_power_mixture_power = ((-0.0012*pow(m,6)) + (0.021*pow(m,5)) + (-0.1425*pow(m,4)) + (0.4395*pow(m,3)) + (-0.8909*m*m) + (-0.5155*m) + 100.03);
+ Percentage_of_best_power_mixture_power = Power_Mixture_Correlation(equivalence_ratio);
Percentage_Power = Percentage_Power * Percentage_of_best_power_mixture_power / 100.0;
- //cout << " %POWER = " << Percentage_Power << '\n';
-
-//***DCL - FIXME - this needs altering - for instance going richer than full power mixture decreases the %power but increases the fuel flow
- // Now Calculate Fuel Flow based on % Power Best Power Mixture
- Fuel_Flow = Percentage_Power * Max_Fuel_Flow / 100.0;
- // cout << Fuel_Flow << " lbs/hr"<< endl;
-
// Now Derate engine for the effects of Bad/Switched off magnetos
if (Magneto_Left == 0 && Magneto_Right == 0) {
// cout << "Both OFF\n";
// cout << "Both On ";
} else if (Magneto_Left == 0 || Magneto_Right== 0) {
// cout << "1 Magneto Failed ";
-
- Percentage_Power = Percentage_Power *
- ((100.0 - Mag_Derate_Percent)/100.0);
+ Percentage_Power = Percentage_Power * ((100.0 - Mag_Derate_Percent)/100.0);
// cout << FGEng1_Percentage_Power << "%" << "\t";
}
//now calculate energy release to exhaust
//We will assume a three way split of fuel energy between useful work, the coolant system and the exhaust system
//This is a reasonable first suck of the thumb estimate for a water cooled automotive engine - whether it holds for an air cooled aero engine is probably open to question
- //Regardless - it won't affect the variation of EGT with mixture, and we con always put a multiplier on EGT to get a reasonable peak value.
+ //Regardless - it won't affect the variation of EGT with mixture, and we can always put a multiplier on EGT to get a reasonable peak value.
enthalpy_exhaust = m_dot_fuel * calorific_value_fuel * combustion_efficiency * 0.33;
heat_capacity_exhaust = (Cp_air * m_dot_air) + (Cp_fuel * m_dot_fuel);
delta_T_exhaust = enthalpy_exhaust / heat_capacity_exhaust;
//Calculate rate of energy transfer to cylinder head from combustion
dqdt_from_combustion = m_dot_fuel * calorific_value_fuel * combustion_efficiency * 0.33;
-
+
//Calculate rate of energy transfer from cylinder head due to cooling NOTE is calculated as rate to but negative
dqdt_forced = (h2 * m_dot_cooling_air * temperature_difference) + (h3 * RPM * temperature_difference);
dqdt_free = h1 * temperature_difference;
-
+
//Calculate net rate of energy transfer to or from cylinder head
dqdt_cylinder_head = dqdt_from_combustion + dqdt_forced + dqdt_free;
-
+
HeatCapacityCylinderHead = CpCylinderHead * MassCylinderHead;
-
+
dCHTdt = dqdt_cylinder_head / HeatCapacityCylinderHead;
-
+
CHT += (dCHTdt * time_step);
-
+
CHT_degF = (CHT * 1.8) - 459.67;
-
+
//cout << " CHT = " << CHT_degF << " degF\n";
-
-
-// End calculate Cylinder Head Temperature
-
-
+
+
+ // End calculate Cylinder Head Temperature
+
+
//***************************************************************************************
// Oil pressure calculation
-
+
// Calculate Oil Pressure
- Oil_Pressure = Oil_Press( Oil_Temp, RPM );
+ Oil_Pressure = Calc_Oil_Press( Oil_Temp, RPM );
// cout << "Oil Pressure (PSI) = " << Oil_Pressure << endl;
-
+
//**************************************************************************************
// Now do the Propeller Calculations
-
-#ifdef NEVS_PROP_MODEL
-
- // Nev's prop model
-
- num_elements = 6.0;
- number_of_blades = 2.0;
- blade_length = 0.95;
- allowance_for_spinner = blade_length / 12.0;
- prop_fudge_factor = 1.453401525;
- forward_velocity = IAS;
-
- theta[0] = 25.0;
- theta[1] = 20.0;
- theta[2] = 15.0;
- theta[3] = 10.0;
- theta[4] = 5.0;
- theta[5] = 0.0;
-
- angular_velocity_SI = 2.0 * PI * RPM / 60.0;
-
- allowance_for_spinner = blade_length / 12.0;
- //Calculate thrust and torque by summing the contributions from each of the blade elements
- //Assumes equal length elements with numbered 1 inboard -> num_elements outboard
- prop_torque = 0.0;
- prop_thrust = 0.0;
- int i;
-// outfile << "Rho = " << Rho << '\n\n';
-// outfile << "Drag = ";
- for(i=1;i<=num_elements;i++)
- {
- element = float(i);
- distance = (blade_length * (element / num_elements)) + allowance_for_spinner;
- element_drag = 0.5 * rho_air * ((distance * angular_velocity_SI)*(distance * angular_velocity_SI)) * (0.000833 * ((theta[int(element-1)] - (atan(forward_velocity/(distance * angular_velocity_SI))))*(theta[int(element-1)] - (atan(forward_velocity/(distance * angular_velocity_SI))))))
- * (0.1 * (blade_length / element)) * number_of_blades;
-
- element_lift = 0.5 * rho_air * ((distance * angular_velocity_SI)*(distance * angular_velocity_SI)) * (0.036 * (theta[int(element-1)] - (atan(forward_velocity/(distance * angular_velocity_SI))))+0.4)
- * (0.1 * (blade_length / element)) * number_of_blades;
- element_torque = element_drag * distance;
- prop_torque += element_torque;
- prop_thrust += element_lift;
-// outfile << "Drag = " << element_drag << " n = " << element << '\n';
- }
-
-// outfile << '\n';
-
-// outfile << "Angular velocity = " << angular_velocity_SI << " rad/s\n";
-
- // cout << "Thrust = " << prop_thrust << '\n';
- prop_thrust *= prop_fudge_factor;
- prop_torque *= prop_fudge_factor;
- prop_power_consumed_SI = prop_torque * angular_velocity_SI;
- prop_power_consumed_HP = prop_power_consumed_SI / 745.699;
-
-
-#endif //NEVS_PROP_MODEL
-
-#ifdef DCL_PROP_MODEL
-
- double prop_diameter = 1.8; // meters
- double J; // advance ratio - dimensionless
- double Cp_20; // coefficient of power for 20 degree blade angle
- double Cp_25; // coefficient of power for 25 degree blade angle
- double Cp; // our actual coefficient of power
- double blade_angle = 23.0; // degrees
- double neta_prop_20;
- double neta_prop_25;
- double neta_prop; // prop efficiency
-
- Gear_Ratio = 1.0;
- FGProp1_RPS = RPM * Gear_Ratio / 60.0; // Borrow this variable from Phils model for now !!
- angular_velocity_SI = 2.0 * PI * RPM / 60.0;
- forward_velocity = IAS * 0.514444444444; // Convert to m/s
-
- //cout << "Gear_Ratio = " << Gear_Ratio << '\n';
- //cout << "IAS = " << IAS << '\n';
- //cout << "forward_velocity = " << forward_velocity << '\n';
- //cout << "FGProp1_RPS = " << FGProp1_RPS << '\n';
- //cout << "prop_diameter = " << prop_diameter << '\n';
- if(FGProp1_RPS == 0)
- J = 0;
- else
- J = forward_velocity / (FGProp1_RPS * prop_diameter);
- //cout << "advance_ratio = " << J << '\n';
-
- //Cp correlations based on data from McCormick
- Cp_20 = 0.0342*J*J*J*J - 0.1102*J*J*J + 0.0365*J*J - 0.0133*J + 0.064;
- Cp_25 = 0.0119*J*J*J*J - 0.0652*J*J*J + 0.018*J*J - 0.0077*J + 0.0921;
-
- //cout << "Cp_20 = " << Cp_20 << '\n';
- //cout << "Cp_25 = " << Cp_25 << '\n';
-
- //Assume that the blade angle is between 20 and 25 deg - reasonable for fixed pitch prop but won't hold for variable one !!!
- Cp = Cp_20 + ( (Cp_25 - Cp_20) * ((blade_angle - 20)/(25 - 20)) );
- //cout << "Cp = " << Cp << '\n';
- //cout << "RPM = " << RPM << '\n';
- //cout << "angular_velocity_SI = " << angular_velocity_SI << '\n';
-
- prop_power_consumed_SI = Cp * rho_air * pow(FGProp1_RPS,3.0) * pow(prop_diameter,5.0);
- //cout << "prop HP consumed = " << prop_power_consumed_SI / 745.699 << '\n';
- if(angular_velocity_SI == 0)
- prop_torque = 0;
- else
- prop_torque = prop_power_consumed_SI / angular_velocity_SI;
-
- // calculate neta_prop here
- neta_prop_20 = 0.1328*J*J*J*J - 1.3073*J*J*J + 0.3525*J*J + 1.5591*J + 0.0007;
- neta_prop_25 = -0.3121*J*J*J*J + 0.4234*J*J*J - 0.7686*J*J + 1.5237*J - 0.0004;
- neta_prop = neta_prop_20 + ( (neta_prop_25 - neta_prop_20) * ((blade_angle - 20)/(25 - 20)) );
-
- //FIXME - need to check for zero forward velocity to avoid divide by zero
- if(forward_velocity < 0.0001)
- prop_thrust = 0.0;
- else
- prop_thrust = neta_prop * prop_power_consumed_SI / forward_velocity; //TODO - rename forward_velocity to IAS_SI
- //cout << "prop_thrust = " << prop_thrust << '\n';
-
-#endif //DCL_PROP_MODEL
-
- //Calculate new RPM from torque balance and inertia.
- Torque_Imbalance = Torque_SI - prop_torque; //This gives a +ve value when the engine torque exeeds the prop torque
-
- angular_acceleration = Torque_Imbalance / (engine_inertia + prop_inertia);
- angular_velocity_SI += (angular_acceleration * time_step);
- RPM = (angular_velocity_SI * 60) / (2.0 * PI);
-
- //DCL - stall the engine if RPM drops below 550 - this is possible if mixture lever is pulled right out
- if(RPM < 550)
- RPM = 0;
-
+
+ Gear_Ratio = 1.0;
+ FGProp1_RPS = RPM * Gear_Ratio / 60.0; // Borrow this variable from Phils model for now !!
+ angular_velocity_SI = 2.0 * PI * RPM / 60.0;
+ forward_velocity = IAS * 0.514444444444; // Convert to m/s
+
+ //cout << "Gear_Ratio = " << Gear_Ratio << '\n';
+ //cout << "IAS = " << IAS << '\n';
+ //cout << "forward_velocity = " << forward_velocity << '\n';
+ //cout << "FGProp1_RPS = " << FGProp1_RPS << '\n';
+ //cout << "prop_diameter = " << prop_diameter << '\n';
+ if(FGProp1_RPS == 0)
+ J = 0;
+ else
+ J = forward_velocity / (FGProp1_RPS * prop_diameter);
+ //cout << "advance_ratio = " << J << '\n';
+
+ //Cp correlations based on data from McCormick
+ Cp_20 = 0.0342*J*J*J*J - 0.1102*J*J*J + 0.0365*J*J - 0.0133*J + 0.064;
+ Cp_25 = 0.0119*J*J*J*J - 0.0652*J*J*J + 0.018*J*J - 0.0077*J + 0.0921;
+
+ //cout << "Cp_20 = " << Cp_20 << '\n';
+ //cout << "Cp_25 = " << Cp_25 << '\n';
+
+ //Assume that the blade angle is between 20 and 25 deg - reasonable for fixed pitch prop but won't hold for variable one !!!
+ Cp = Cp_20 + ( (Cp_25 - Cp_20) * ((blade_angle - 20)/(25 - 20)) );
+ //cout << "Cp = " << Cp << '\n';
+ //cout << "RPM = " << RPM << '\n';
+ //cout << "angular_velocity_SI = " << angular_velocity_SI << '\n';
+
+ prop_power_consumed_SI = Cp * rho_air * pow(FGProp1_RPS,3.0) * pow(prop_diameter,5.0);
+ //cout << "prop HP consumed = " << prop_power_consumed_SI / 745.699 << '\n';
+ if(angular_velocity_SI == 0)
+ prop_torque = 0;
+ else
+ prop_torque = prop_power_consumed_SI / angular_velocity_SI;
+
+ // calculate neta_prop here
+ neta_prop_20 = 0.1328*J*J*J*J - 1.3073*J*J*J + 0.3525*J*J + 1.5591*J + 0.0007;
+ neta_prop_25 = -0.3121*J*J*J*J + 0.4234*J*J*J - 0.7686*J*J + 1.5237*J - 0.0004;
+ neta_prop = neta_prop_20 + ( (neta_prop_25 - neta_prop_20) * ((blade_angle - 20)/(25 - 20)) );
+
+ //FIXME - need to check for zero forward velocity to avoid divide by zero
+ if(forward_velocity < 0.0001)
+ prop_thrust = 0.0;
+ else
+ prop_thrust = neta_prop * prop_power_consumed_SI / forward_velocity; //TODO - rename forward_velocity to IAS_SI
+ //cout << "prop_thrust = " << prop_thrust << '\n';
+
+//******************************************************************************
+// Now do the engine - prop torque balance to calculate final RPM
+
+ //Calculate new RPM from torque balance and inertia.
+ Torque_Imbalance = Torque_SI - prop_torque; //This gives a +ve value when the engine torque exeeds the prop torque
+
+ angular_acceleration = Torque_Imbalance / (engine_inertia + prop_inertia);
+ angular_velocity_SI += (angular_acceleration * time_step);
+ RPM = (angular_velocity_SI * 60) / (2.0 * PI);
+
+ //DCL - stall the engine if RPM drops below 500 - this is possible if mixture lever is pulled right out
+ if(RPM < 500)
+ RPM = 0;
+
}
projects / flightgear.git / blobdiff