%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%*/
#include "FGLGear.h"
-#include "FGState.h"
#include "FGGroundReactions.h"
#include "FGFCS.h"
#include "FGAuxiliary.h"
#include "FGMassBalance.h"
#include "math/FGTable.h"
#include <cstdlib>
+#include <cstring>
using namespace std;
GLOBAL DATA
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%*/
-static const char *IdSrc = "$Id$";
+static const char *IdSrc = "$Id: FGLGear.cpp,v 1.78 2010/10/07 03:45:40 jberndt Exp $";
static const char *IdHdr = ID_LGEAR;
// Body To Structural (body frame is rotated 180 deg about Y and lengths are given in
FGLGear::FGLGear(Element* el, FGFDMExec* fdmex, int number) :
FGForce(fdmex),
GearNumber(number),
- SteerAngle(0.0)
+ SteerAngle(0.0),
+ Castered(false),
+ StaticFriction(false)
{
Element *force_table=0;
Element *dampCoeff=0;
if (sSteerType == "STEERABLE") eSteerType = stSteer;
else if (sSteerType == "FIXED" ) eSteerType = stFixed;
- else if (sSteerType == "CASTERED" ) eSteerType = stCaster;
+ else if (sSteerType == "CASTERED" ) {eSteerType = stCaster; Castered = true;}
else if (sSteerType.empty() ) {eSteerType = stFixed;
sSteerType = "FIXED (defaulted)";}
else {
<< sSteerType << " is undefined." << endl;
}
- RFRV = 0.7; // Rolling force relaxation velocity, default value
- SFRV = 0.7; // Side force relaxation velocity, default value
-
- Element* relax_vel = el->FindElement("relaxation_velocity");
- if (relax_vel) {
- if (relax_vel->FindElement("rolling")) {
- RFRV = relax_vel->FindElementValueAsNumberConvertTo("rolling", "FT/SEC");
- }
- if (relax_vel->FindElement("side")) {
- SFRV = relax_vel->FindElementValueAsNumberConvertTo("side", "FT/SEC");
- }
- }
-
- State = fdmex->GetState();
- Aircraft = fdmex->GetAircraft();
- Propagate = fdmex->GetPropagate();
- Auxiliary = fdmex->GetAuxiliary();
- FCS = fdmex->GetFCS();
- MassBalance = fdmex->GetMassBalance();
-
- LongForceLagFilterCoeff = 1/State->Getdt(); // default longitudinal force filter coefficient
- LatForceLagFilterCoeff = 1/State->Getdt(); // default lateral force filter coefficient
-
- Element* force_lag_filter_elem = el->FindElement("force_lag_filter");
- if (force_lag_filter_elem) {
- if (force_lag_filter_elem->FindElement("rolling")) {
- LongForceLagFilterCoeff = force_lag_filter_elem->FindElementValueAsNumber("rolling");
- }
- if (force_lag_filter_elem->FindElement("side")) {
- LatForceLagFilterCoeff = force_lag_filter_elem->FindElementValueAsNumber("side");
- }
- }
-
- LongForceFilter = Filter(LongForceLagFilterCoeff, State->Getdt());
- LatForceFilter = Filter(LatForceLagFilterCoeff, State->Getdt());
-
- WheelSlipLagFilterCoeff = 1/State->Getdt();
-
- Element *wheel_slip_angle_lag_elem = el->FindElement("wheel_slip_filter");
- if (wheel_slip_angle_lag_elem) {
- WheelSlipLagFilterCoeff = wheel_slip_angle_lag_elem->GetDataAsNumber();
- }
-
- WheelSlipFilter = Filter(WheelSlipLagFilterCoeff, State->Getdt());
+ Auxiliary = fdmex->GetAuxiliary();
+ Propagate = fdmex->GetPropagate();
+ FCS = fdmex->GetFCS();
+ MassBalance = fdmex->GetMassBalance();
+ GroundReactions = fdmex->GetGroundReactions();
GearUp = false;
GearDown = true;
Peak = staticFCoeff;
Curvature = 1.03;
+ // Initialize Lagrange multipliers
+ memset(LMultiplier, 0, sizeof(LMultiplier));
+
Debug(0);
}
FGColumnVector3& FGLGear::GetBodyForces(void)
{
- double t = fdmex->GetState()->Getsim_time();
- dT = State->Getdt()*fdmex->GetGroundReactions()->GetRate();
+ double t = fdmex->GetSimTime();
+ dT = fdmex->GetDeltaT()*GroundReactions->GetRate();
vFn.InitMatrix();
if (isRetractable) ComputeRetractionState();
if (GearDown) {
- double verticalZProj = 0.;
+ FGColumnVector3 angularVel;
vWhlBodyVec = MassBalance->StructuralToBody(vXYZn); // Get wheel in body frame
vLocalGear = Propagate->GetTb2l() * vWhlBodyVec; // Get local frame wheel location
gearLoc = Propagate->GetLocation().LocalToLocation(vLocalGear);
- // Compute the height of the theoretical location of the wheel (if strut is not compressed) with
- // respect to the ground level
- double height = fdmex->GetGroundCallback()->GetAGLevel(t, gearLoc, contact, normal, cvel);
- vGroundNormal = -1. * Propagate->GetTec2b() * normal;
-
- // The height returned above is the AGL and is expressed in the Z direction of the local
- // coordinate frame. We now need to transform this height in actual compression of the strut (BOGEY)
- // of in the normal direction to the ground (STRUCTURE)
+ // Compute the height of the theoretical location of the wheel (if strut is
+ // not compressed) with respect to the ground level
+ double height = fdmex->GetGroundCallback()->GetAGLevel(t, gearLoc, contact, normal, cvel, angularVel);
+ vGroundNormal = Propagate->GetTec2b() * normal;
+
+ // The height returned above is the AGL and is expressed in the Z direction
+ // of the ECEF coordinate frame. We now need to transform this height in
+ // actual compression of the strut (BOGEY) of in the normal direction to the
+ // ground (STRUCTURE)
+ double normalZ = (Propagate->GetTec2l()*normal)(eZ);
+ double LGearProj = -(mTGear.Transposed() * vGroundNormal)(eZ);
+
switch (eContactType) {
case ctBOGEY:
- verticalZProj = (Propagate->GetTb2l()*mTGear*FGColumnVector3(0.,0.,1.))(eZ);
- compressLength = verticalZProj > 0.0 ? -height / verticalZProj : 0.0;
+ compressLength = LGearProj > 0.0 ? height * normalZ / LGearProj : 0.0;
break;
case ctSTRUCTURE:
- verticalZProj = (Propagate->GetTec2l()*normal)(eZ);
- compressLength = fabs(verticalZProj) > 0.0 ? -height / verticalZProj : 0.0;
+ compressLength = height * normalZ / DotProduct(normal, normal);
break;
}
WOW = true;
- // [The next equation should really use the vector to the contact patch of
- // the tire including the strut compression and not the original vWhlBodyVec.]
+ // The following equations use the vector to the tire contact patch
+ // including the strut compression.
+ FGColumnVector3 vWhlDisplVec;
+
+ switch(eContactType) {
+ case ctBOGEY:
+ vWhlDisplVec = mTGear * FGColumnVector3(0., 0., -compressLength);
+ break;
+ case ctSTRUCTURE:
+ vWhlDisplVec = compressLength * vGroundNormal;
+ break;
+ }
- FGColumnVector3 vWhlDisplVec = mTGear * FGColumnVector3(0., 0., compressLength);
- FGColumnVector3 vWhlContactVec = vWhlBodyVec - vWhlDisplVec;
- vActingXYZn = vXYZn - Tb2s * vWhlDisplVec;
- FGColumnVector3 vBodyWhlVel = Propagate->GetPQR() * vWhlContactVec;
+ FGColumnVector3 vWhlContactVec = vWhlBodyVec + vWhlDisplVec;
+ vActingXYZn = vXYZn + Tb2s * vWhlDisplVec;
+ FGColumnVector3 vBodyWhlVel = Propagate->GetPQR() * vWhlContactVec;
vBodyWhlVel += Propagate->GetUVW() - Propagate->GetTec2b() * cvel;
vWhlVelVec = mTGear.Transposed() * vBodyWhlVel;
vLocalWhlVel = Transform().Transposed() * vBodyWhlVel;
- switch (eContactType) {
- case ctBOGEY:
- // Compression speed along the strut
- compressSpeed = -vWhlVelVec(eZ);
- case ctSTRUCTURE:
- // Compression speed along the ground normal
- compressSpeed = -vLocalWhlVel(eX);
- }
+ compressSpeed = -vLocalWhlVel(eX);
+ if (eContactType == ctBOGEY)
+ compressSpeed /= LGearProj;
ComputeVerticalStrutForce();
- // Compute the forces in the wheel ground plane.
+ // Compute the friction coefficients in the wheel ground plane.
if (eContactType == ctBOGEY) {
ComputeSlipAngle();
ComputeBrakeForceCoefficient();
ComputeSideForceCoefficient();
- double sign = vLocalWhlVel(eY)>0?1.0:(vLocalWhlVel(eY)<0?-1.0:0.0);
- vFn(eY) = - ((1.0 - TirePressureNorm) * 30 + vFn(eX) * BrakeFCoeff) * sign;
- vFn(eZ) = vFn(eX) * FCoeff;
}
- else if (eContactType == ctSTRUCTURE) {
- FGColumnVector3 vSlipVec = vLocalWhlVel;
- vSlipVec(eX) = 0.;
- vSlipVec.Normalize();
- vFn -= staticFCoeff * vFn(eX) * vSlipVec;
- }
-
- // Lag and attenuate the XY-plane forces dependent on velocity. This code
- // uses a lag filter, C/(s + C) where "C" is the filter coefficient. When
- // "C" is chosen at the frame rate (in Hz), the jittering is significantly
- // reduced. This is because the jitter is present *at* the execution rate.
- // If a coefficient is set to something equal to or less than zero, the
- // filter is bypassed.
-
- if (LongForceLagFilterCoeff > 0) vFn(eY) = LongForceFilter.execute(vFn(eY));
- if (LatForceLagFilterCoeff > 0) vFn(eZ) = LatForceFilter.execute(vFn(eZ));
-
- if ((fabs(vLocalWhlVel(eY)) <= RFRV) && RFRV > 0) vFn(eY) *= fabs(vLocalWhlVel(eY))/RFRV;
- if ((fabs(vLocalWhlVel(eZ)) <= SFRV) && SFRV > 0) vFn(eZ) *= fabs(vLocalWhlVel(eZ))/SFRV;
- // End section for attenuating gear jitter
+ // Prepare the Jacobians and the Lagrange multipliers for later friction
+ // forces calculations.
+ ComputeJacobian(vWhlContactVec);
} else { // Gear is NOT compressed
}
//%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+// Calculate tire slip angle.
void FGLGear::ComputeSlipAngle(void)
{
- // Calculate tire slip angle.
- WheelSlip = -atan2(vLocalWhlVel(eZ), fabs(vLocalWhlVel(eY)))*radtodeg;
-
- // Filter the wheel slip angle
- if (WheelSlipLagFilterCoeff > 0) WheelSlip = WheelSlipFilter.execute(WheelSlip);
+// Check that the speed is non-null otherwise use the current angle
+ if (vLocalWhlVel.Magnitude(eY,eZ) > 1E-3)
+ WheelSlip = -atan2(vLocalWhlVel(eZ), fabs(vLocalWhlVel(eY)))*radtodeg;
}
//%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
SteerAngle = 0.0;
break;
case stCaster:
- SteerAngle = atan2(vWhlVelVec(eY), fabs(vWhlVelVec(eX)));
+ if (!Castered)
+ SteerAngle = degtorad * FCS->GetSteerPosDeg(GearNumber);
+ else {
+ // Check that the speed is non-null otherwise use the current angle
+ if (vWhlVelVec.Magnitude(eX,eY) > 0.1)
+ SteerAngle = atan2(vWhlVelVec(eY), fabs(vWhlVelVec(eX)));
+ }
break;
default:
cerr << "Improper steering type membership detected for this gear." << endl;
void FGLGear::ReportTakeoffOrLanding(void)
{
- double deltaT = State->Getdt()*fdmex->GetGroundReactions()->GetRate();
-
if (FirstContact)
- LandingDistanceTraveled += Auxiliary->GetVground()*deltaT;
+ LandingDistanceTraveled += Auxiliary->GetVground()*dT;
if (StartedGroundRun) {
- TakeoffDistanceTraveled50ft += Auxiliary->GetVground()*deltaT;
- if (WOW) TakeoffDistanceTraveled += Auxiliary->GetVground()*deltaT;
+ TakeoffDistanceTraveled50ft += Auxiliary->GetVground()*dT;
+ if (WOW) TakeoffDistanceTraveled += Auxiliary->GetVground()*dT;
}
if ( ReportEnable
&& Auxiliary->GetVground() <= 0.05
&& !LandingReported
- && fdmex->GetGroundReactions()->GetWOW())
+ && GroundReactions->GetWOW())
{
if (debug_lvl > 0) Report(erLand);
}
if ( ReportEnable
&& !TakeoffReported
&& (Propagate->GetDistanceAGL() - vLocalGear(eZ)) > 50.0
- && !fdmex->GetGroundReactions()->GetWOW())
+ && !GroundReactions->GetWOW())
{
if (debug_lvl > 0) Report(erTakeoff);
}
if ( (compressLength > 500.0 ||
vFn.Magnitude() > 100000000.0 ||
GetMoments().Magnitude() > 5000000000.0 ||
- SinkRate > 1.4666*30 ) && !State->IntegrationSuspended())
+ SinkRate > 1.4666*30 ) && !fdmex->IntegrationSuspended())
{
PutMessage("Crash Detected: Simulation FREEZE.");
- State->SuspendIntegration();
+ fdmex->SuspendIntegration();
}
}
return GearPos;
}
+//%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+// Compute the jacobian entries for the friction forces resolution later
+// in FGPropagate
+
+void FGLGear::ComputeJacobian(const FGColumnVector3& vWhlContactVec)
+{
+ // When the point of contact is moving, dynamic friction is used
+ // This type of friction is limited to ctSTRUCTURE elements because their
+ // friction coefficient is the same in every directions
+ if ((eContactType == ctSTRUCTURE) && (vLocalWhlVel.Magnitude(eY,eZ) > 1E-3)) {
+ FGColumnVector3 velocityDirection = vLocalWhlVel;
+
+ StaticFriction = false;
+
+ velocityDirection(eX) = 0.;
+ velocityDirection.Normalize();
+
+ LMultiplier[ftDynamic].ForceJacobian = Transform()*velocityDirection;
+ LMultiplier[ftDynamic].MomentJacobian = vWhlContactVec * LMultiplier[ftDynamic].ForceJacobian;
+ LMultiplier[ftDynamic].Max = 0.;
+ LMultiplier[ftDynamic].Min = -fabs(dynamicFCoeff * vFn(eX));
+ LMultiplier[ftDynamic].value = Constrain(LMultiplier[ftDynamic].Min, LMultiplier[ftDynamic].value, LMultiplier[ftDynamic].Max);
+ }
+ else {
+ // Static friction is used for ctSTRUCTURE when the contact point is not moving.
+ // It is always used for ctBOGEY elements because the friction coefficients
+ // of a tyre depend on the direction of the movement (roll & side directions).
+ // This cannot be handled properly by the so-called "dynamic friction".
+ StaticFriction = true;
+
+ LMultiplier[ftRoll].ForceJacobian = Transform()*FGColumnVector3(0.,1.,0.);
+ LMultiplier[ftSide].ForceJacobian = Transform()*FGColumnVector3(0.,0.,1.);
+ LMultiplier[ftRoll].MomentJacobian = vWhlContactVec * LMultiplier[ftRoll].ForceJacobian;
+ LMultiplier[ftSide].MomentJacobian = vWhlContactVec * LMultiplier[ftSide].ForceJacobian;
+
+ switch(eContactType) {
+ case ctBOGEY:
+ LMultiplier[ftRoll].Max = fabs(BrakeFCoeff * vFn(eX));
+ LMultiplier[ftSide].Max = fabs(FCoeff * vFn(eX));
+ break;
+ case ctSTRUCTURE:
+ LMultiplier[ftRoll].Max = fabs(staticFCoeff * vFn(eX));
+ LMultiplier[ftSide].Max = fabs(staticFCoeff * vFn(eX));
+ break;
+ }
+
+ LMultiplier[ftRoll].Min = -LMultiplier[ftRoll].Max;
+ LMultiplier[ftSide].Min = -LMultiplier[ftSide].Max;
+ LMultiplier[ftRoll].value = Constrain(LMultiplier[ftRoll].Min, LMultiplier[ftRoll].value, LMultiplier[ftRoll].Max);
+ LMultiplier[ftSide].value = Constrain(LMultiplier[ftSide].Min, LMultiplier[ftSide].value, LMultiplier[ftSide].Max);
+ }
+}
+
+//%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+// This function is used by the MultiplierIterator class to enumerate the
+// Lagrange multipliers of a landing gear. This allows to encapsulate the storage
+// of the multipliers in FGLGear without exposing it. From an outside point of
+// view, each FGLGear instance has a number of Lagrange multipliers which can be
+// accessed through this routine without knowing the exact constraint which they
+// model.
+
+FGPropagate::LagrangeMultiplier* FGLGear::GetMultiplierEntry(int entry)
+{
+ switch(entry) {
+ case 0:
+ if (StaticFriction)
+ return &LMultiplier[ftRoll];
+ else
+ return &LMultiplier[ftDynamic];
+ case 1:
+ if (StaticFriction)
+ return &LMultiplier[ftSide];
+ default:
+ return NULL;
+ }
+}
+
+//%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+// This routine is called after the Lagrange multiplier has been computed. The
+// friction forces of the landing gear are then updated accordingly.
+FGColumnVector3& FGLGear::UpdateForces(void)
+{
+ if (StaticFriction) {
+ vFn(eY) = LMultiplier[ftRoll].value;
+ vFn(eZ) = LMultiplier[ftSide].value;
+ }
+ else
+ vFn += LMultiplier[ftDynamic].value * (Transform ().Transposed() * LMultiplier[ftDynamic].ForceJacobian);
+
+ // Return the updated force in the body frame
+ return FGForce::GetBodyForces();
+}
+
//%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
void FGLGear::bind(void)
fdmex->GetPropertyManager()->Tie( property_name.c_str(), &staticFCoeff );
if (eSteerType == stCaster) {
- property_name = base_property_name + "/steering-angle-rad";
- fdmex->GetPropertyManager()->Tie( property_name.c_str(), &SteerAngle );
+ property_name = base_property_name + "/steering-angle-deg";
+ fdmex->GetPropertyManager()->Tie( property_name.c_str(), this, &FGLGear::GetSteerAngleDeg );
+ property_name = base_property_name + "/castered";
+ fdmex->GetPropertyManager()->Tie( property_name.c_str(), &Castered);
}
}
switch(repType) {
case erLand:
cout << endl << "Touchdown report for " << name << " (WOW at time: "
- << fdmex->GetState()->Getsim_time() << " seconds)" << endl;
+ << fdmex->GetSimTime() << " seconds)" << endl;
cout << " Sink rate at contact: " << SinkRate << " fps, "
<< SinkRate*0.3048 << " mps" << endl;
cout << " Contact ground speed: " << GroundSpeed*.5925 << " knots, "
break;
case erTakeoff:
cout << endl << "Takeoff report for " << name << " (Liftoff at time: "
- << fdmex->GetState()->Getsim_time() << " seconds)" << endl;
+ << fdmex->GetSimTime() << " seconds)" << endl;
cout << " Distance traveled: " << TakeoffDistanceTraveled
<< " ft, " << TakeoffDistanceTraveled*0.3048 << " meters" << endl;
cout << " Distance traveled (over 50'): " << TakeoffDistanceTraveled50ft
<< " ft, " << TakeoffDistanceTraveled50ft*0.3048 << " meters" << endl;
- cout << " [Altitude (ASL): " << fdmex->GetPropagate()->GetAltitudeASL() << " ft. / "
- << fdmex->GetPropagate()->GetAltitudeASLmeters() << " m | Temperature: "
+ cout << " [Altitude (ASL): " << Propagate->GetAltitudeASL() << " ft. / "
+ << Propagate->GetAltitudeASLmeters() << " m | Temperature: "
<< fdmex->GetAtmosphere()->GetTemperature() - 459.67 << " F / "
<< RankineToCelsius(fdmex->GetAtmosphere()->GetTemperature()) << " C]" << endl;
- cout << " [Velocity (KCAS): " << fdmex->GetAuxiliary()->GetVcalibratedKTS() << "]" << endl;
+ cout << " [Velocity (KCAS): " << Auxiliary->GetVcalibratedKTS() << "]" << endl;
TakeoffReported = true;
break;
case erNone:
cout << " Grouping: " << sBrakeGroup << endl;
cout << " Max Steer Angle: " << maxSteerAngle << endl;
cout << " Retractable: " << isRetractable << endl;
- cout << " Relaxation Velocities:" << endl;
- cout << " Rolling: " << RFRV << endl;
- cout << " Side: " << SFRV << endl;
}
}
}
projects / flightgear.git / blobdiff